Тема Перевод текстов с извлечением нужной или интересующей информации (поисковое чтение)
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Computers store information on disks in files. A file is a collection of related information such as a computer program or the text of a letter.
Each file is given a unique name, and each filename is stored in a directory. To find out about the files in a directory, use the MS-DOS command DIR.
When referring to a file, you must use a file specification. This consists of a pathname, a filename and an extension (if there is one). As an example, to reference a file on drive B: called FRED.BAS (where the default drive is ‘A’) the correct file specification would be:
B:\FRED.BAS
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How do you find out about the files - Прочитайте текст
The study investigated the habits of the children of 300 managers and found 55 per cent of parents were concerned their children would become information junkies.
Forty-six per cent of parents believed their children spent more time on their PCs than interacting with friends. In one case a child had to be wheeled with his computer to the dinner table.
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Why were the parents so concerned - Прочитайте текст
Marie, accountant
“I work in the finance department of a large company. There are a lot of benefits. For example, if the company makes a profit, all the employees get a bonus. We also get a pension and private health insurance. The company pays for its staff to go on training courses to develop their professional skills. And we get free membership of the local gym.”
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Why does the company pay for training courses - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What does the invoice include?
The invoice provides information about the goods or services. It is prepared by the Seller and includes a description of the goods, their price and the quantity supplied. It can also act as proof of purchase, informing the Buyer that the goods have been sent.
The invoice also informs the Buyer that the service requested can be available after payment - Прочитайте текст
The quest for information can lead to stress. Almost two-thirds said their leisure time had been curtailed as a result of having to work late to cope with vast amounts of information; 70 percent reported loss of job satisfaction and tension with colleagues because of information overload.
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Why do you have to spend much leisure time to find the information you need - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What is the age-related presbyopia treated with?
Glasses are prescribed when light rays do not focus correctly on the retina. If they focus in front of the retina, the result is short-sightedness, also called myopia. This is treated by a concave lens. If light rays focus behind the retina, the result is long-sightedness, also called presbyopia. This is treated with a convex lens. There is laser surgery available now for these problems, though it is not able to treat age-related presbyopia which most people develop in their mid 40s because by that time the lens has lost too much flexibility - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
Where is the source of all vitamin A in?
Vitamin A is an unsaturated cyclic alcohol. It is synthesezed by at least three separate processes.
It has been concentrated and isolated from the non-saponiflable to be present in fish oil, both in the free alcohol and in the ester form. The source of all vitamin A is in the carotenoid pigments, the yellow-coloured, compounds occurring in all chlorophyll-containing plants.
In pure form it is a pale yellow oil, soluble in fat solvents, having an ultra-violet absorption spectrum. The ester forms of the vitamin have been found to possess greater stability than the free alcohol - Прочитайте текст
Personal computers first appeared in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popular personal computers was the Apple II, made in 1977 by Apple Computer. Then, in 1981, IBM (International Business Machines) made its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the most popular personal computer.
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What were the first models of PC - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What are the main fruits grown in Washington?
In Oregon and Washington, the Cascade mountains divide the states into two different farming zones. In the dry eastern zone, wheat is grown, and cattle is raised. West of the Cascade Mountains, in Oregon’s Willamette Valley, for example, regular rainfall and a mild climate allow good yields of such crops as beans, pears, onions, and corn. In Washington, cherries and apples are major fruits. Both states are among the most important sources of timber in the United States - Прочитайте текст
Under MS-DOS 3.20 you can create and access names for many different types of devices - just as if they are physical disk drives installed in your system. The devices you can access as disks are:
- internal floppy-disk drives
- external floppy-disk drives
- additional drive identifiers for floppy-disk drives, defined by DRIVER.SYS
- hard-disk drives of many different sizes
- RAM disks created in the computer’s memory
- directories that have been given logical drive names using SUBST
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Can you create and access names for all devices in MS-DOS 3.20 system - Прочитайте текст
FILINK is a utility that moves data or program files between two Epson computers joined by a cable. Transferring files this way overcomes the difficulties of mismatched disk formats or conflicting operating systems.
All you need are cable connection between the RS-232C ports of the two machines and a FILINK program running on each. Epson’s FILINK is compatible with Epson equipment, but not with other machines and software you may use.
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What is FILINK - Прочитайте текст
Ramon
“What I like about my job is that every day is different. I’m part of a team and we all get on well. I have to check quests in and out of the hotel, take reservation, and sort out problems. I enjoy dealing with people – except the ones who are rude. For a job like this, you need to be a sociable person and to be diplomatic.”
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What people doesn’t Ramon like - Прочитайте текст
Hard disk drive is the mechanism that reads and writes data on a hard disk. Hard disk drive has many inflexible platters (discs) coated with magnetic material. Read/write heads can record computer data on these discs. A typical hard disk rotates at 3,600 revolutions per minute, and the read/write heads ride over the surface of the disk on a cushion of air 25 micron deep. Hard disk drives (HDDs) for PCs generally have seek times of about 12 milliseconds or less. Hard disk drives are sometimes called Winchester drives. Winchester is the name of one of the first popular hard disk drive technologies developed by IBM in 1973.
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How are hard disk drives sometimes called - Прочитайте текст
Alena Hejnova
“I’m the food and beverage manager. The food and beverage manager is responsible for the restaurant and the kitchen. Three people report directly to me: the head waiter, the bar manager, and the head chef. The head waiter manages the specialist wine waiters and the other waiters and waitresses. The bar manager is responsible for the bar staff. The head chef manages the kitchens and under him comes the assistant or sous chef. Then any other chefs report to the sous chef. Finally, the kitchen porters come at the bottom of the reporting line.”
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How many people is Alena Hejnova responsible for - Прочитайте текст
Jayson Meyer was sixteen when he and his younger brother Matthew started their technology company. Jayson lives in Daytona Beach, Florida, in the USA. He looks like any typical university student, but Jayson doesn’t go to university. He doesn’t need to. He is already a successful businessman. Jayson is co-founder and CEO (Chief Executive Officer) of Meyer Technologies, Inc.
At high school, Jayson spent a lot of time working on computers for the school and local businesses. He didn’t have time for school work, but he could fix almost any computer problem. So, when he was fifteen, Jayson left school and went into business full time. With his brother, he set up a shop at the local weekend market.
The business was successful and quickly went from making $4,000 in the first year to $100,000 per year. Soon, Meyer Technologies, Inc. expanded and was making over $500,000. The company builds special computers and creates software programs for its clients.
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What is Jayson Meyer in Meyer Technologies, Inc - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
How much had the woman gained in weight?
A 50-year-old housewife, who had been well until four months previously, complained of tiredness and malaise. She had gained 9 kg in weight in the year before she presented to her GP although she denied eating more than usual. She was constipated and she noticed that her hair had started to fall out - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
Can you do much more with your pictures and images using image-editing programs than you can with a DTP program?
All image-editing programs have similar tools and commands. You can do much more with your pictures and images than you can with a DTP program. You can erase parts of an image or cut and paste them onto another image, adjust the brightness, paint patterns or lines and add all kinds of special effects - Прочитайте текст
Monitor is another term for display screen. First monitors were black-and-white with cathode ray tube. Nowadays most monitors are colour monitors. Besides, colour LCD monitors are becoming more and more popular. Monitors have different screen sizes. Like televisions, screen sizes are measured in inches from one corner of the screen to the opposite corner diagonally. A typical size for small monitors is 14 inches. Monitors that are 16 or more inches diagonally are often called full-page monitors.
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What is the standard size for monitor - Прочитайте текст
A disk is a data storage medium consisting of a flat, circular, magnetic surface on which information can be recorded. You will receive several disks with your computer. These already contain information and programs, and are ready to use.
Blank disks can be used to store your own information and programs, but these disks must be formatted before they can be used.
Disks which contain important information can be write-protected. This means you can read from but not write to the disk, making it impossible to write accidentally over information. Your disks can be write-protected - instructions are included in each box of disks.
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Why are disks with very important information called write-protected - Прочитайте текст
Andy (team leader of Eco-challenge)
“Eco-challenge is very tiring. You need to be fit and to have a lot of stamina. As leader, you have to be able to work with other people and you must want to succeed. I need to be positive all the time. I’m responsible for making sure the team works together. I need to make decisions, to give encouragement and to help bring out the best in the team members.”
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What must Andy be as a leader - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What was penicillin used for?
Some diseases are not caused by germs or infections but by the lack of certain substances in our food. The discovery of vitamins in 1912 was very important to provide people with a properly balanced diet. In 1922 Sir Frederick Banting found that insulin was very effective against diabetes. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Dr. Alexander Fleming who became the founder of the modern science of antibiosis. Penicillin was used in hospitals to reduce infections in wounds during the Second World War. Streptomycin and a series of anti-infection drugs were discovered after penicillin. All these drugs are known as antibiotics - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What is the rate of return offered by credit unions?
Credit unions, associations of people with some thing in common, often serve people who have the same employer, work in the same industry, or belong to a particular church, labor union, or club. Credit unions offer insured savings plans similar to those offered by other savings institutions. In most instances, however, the rate of return offered by credit unions is higher than that of the other institutions - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
How did Hippocrates treat diseases?
Hippocrates was known as an excellent doctor and a teacher of medicine. He established medical schools in Athens and in other towns. He wrote several books and many case histories. Hippocrates taught his pupils to examine the patient very attentively and to give him quick help. He created medicine on the basis of experience. He taught that every disease was a natural process and it had natural causes. Hippocrates treated diseases by exercise, massage, salt water baths, diet and suitable medicine. He observed diseases such a pneumonia, tuberculosis and malaria and added to the medical language such words as chronic, crisis, relapse and convalescence.
Hippocrates made medicine an art, a science and a profession - Прочитайте текст
The engineer Camillo Olivetti was 40 years old when he started the company in 1908. At his factory in Ivrea, he designed and produced the first Italian typewriter. Today the company headquarters are still in Ivrea, near Turin, but the company is much larger than it was in those days and there are offices all around the world.
By 1930 there was a staff of 700 and the company produced 13,000 machines a year. Some went to customers in Italy, but Olivetti exported more typewriters to other countries.
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What did Camillo Olivetti produce at his factory - Прочитайте текст
Anna, 18
“I work in a factory. My working hours are 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m., Monday to Friday. I have a one-hour lunch break at 12.30. The routine is the same every day. My job is very boring but the pay is quite good. My colleagues and I don’t really talk to each other, but I have a lot of friends outside work. My job is just a way to earn money.”
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How many hours a day does Anna work - Прочитайте текст
Paula Gonzalez
“I am a student, but I have a part-time evening job as a receptionist in a night club in Buenos Aires.
Our customers are usually tourists – they come at about 9.00 to see the tango show. I come at work at 8.00 every night of the week. The show starts at 10.00 and finishes a little after midnight.
I like the job. I meet people and I use my languages. I eat here after customers leave, and I get home at about 1.00 a.m.”
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Why does Paula Gonzalez like her job - Прочитайте текст
Adriano Olivetti started working for the company Olivetti in 1924 and later he became the boss. He introduced a standard speed for the production line of typewriters and he employed technology and design specialists. The company developed new and better typewriters and then calculators and accounting machines. In 1959 Olivetti produced the ELEA computer system. This was the first mainframe computer designed and manufactured in Italy.
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What did Olivetti produce during Adriano Olivetti’s time - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What is optic-electronic scanner used for?
The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand held device connected to the computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse pad, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to signal a menu selection or a command to the computer.
The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric cell to signal screen position to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner that is used to input graphics as well as typeset characters. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer. Electronic cameras are becoming very popular among the consumers for their relatively low price and convenience - Прочитайте текст
Susan Gilbert
“I am an Executive Secretary or Personal Assistant. I work for the head of international advertising at the Herald Tribune. I guess my job … the job of any Personal Assistant is to help our boss in whatever way he or she needs it. I do all the routine things: lots of internal paperwork. I arrange his agenda, I make all his arrangements, book his flights and hotels. I take dictation. I take all his phone calls … and I try to deal with them myself. The idea is to give my boss the time to do the really important things in his job.”
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Why does Susan Gilbert do all the routine things - Прочитайте текст
Eugenie Blanco
“I left Venezuela after High School and went to the States and did a two-year business course. Then I worked in an oil company for about four years. My first job was as a receptionist, but then they asked me to replace a senior secretary. Then I moved to London and worked for Marks & Spencer.
When I came to France, I got an ordinary secretarial job at the Venezuelan Embassy. But two weeks later they asked me to be a secretary to the Ambassador! I did that for four years here in Paris. Then I decided I would like to work at the airport for Venezuelan Airlines. I started the job and soon after they told me to go and work as a senior secretary in the Head Office. After that I joined the Herald Tribune – it’s been nine years now. They wanted someone with Spanish mother tongue, good English and knowledge of French. I love the job.”
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When did Eugenie Blanco begin to work for the Herald Tribune - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What are the most important agricultural items of the Great Lakes region?
The Great Lakes region is an important area for farming. Corn, wheat, and dairy products are the most important agricultural items. Farmers often rotate soybeans and corn – that is, planting corn in a field one year and soybeans the next. This rotation is needed to keep from wearing out the soil. The region has enough rainfall, which is very important for hay, grown to feed dairy cattle. Wisconsin is the most important dairy state in the region - Прочитайте текст
Morag Findlay
“I am a manager of the shop Music Stand. We work six days a week, between nine thirty and six. Saturday is our busy day, so we have a Saturday boy, Ben, to help us. He only works on Saturday because he’s still at school. He does a lot of the physical work – you know, he cleans the floor, makes tea and coffee, puts prices on the books and instruments. It’s good to have an extra person on the till to take money from customers. There are a lot of boxes to unpack on Saturday. Ben does that too.”
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How many functions does Ben do - Прочитайте текст
Hardware are computer components that you can touch, like disks, disk drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips. But you cannot touch software. Software exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols. A computer without software is dead - you need software to make the computer work.
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What is hardware - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What is grown in south Texas?
Texas is one of the most important agricultural states in the region of the Southern Plains and the country. The average size of a farm in Texas is 270 hectares, which means that the farms are quite big. Many farms belong to large corporations.
Such farms are much bigger than the usual ones. They have a size of 405 hectares or even more. Vegetables and citrus fruit are grown in south Texas, and wheat and cotton are grown in the north of the state. Texas leads the country in both the number of cattle and sheep - Прочитайте текст
Eugenie Blanco
“I left Venezuela after High School and went to the States and did a two-year business course. Then I worked in an oil company for about four years. My first job was as a receptionist, but then they asked me to replace a senior secretary. Then I moved to London and worked for Marks & Spencer.
When I came to France, I got an ordinary secretarial job at the Venezuelan Embassy. But two weeks later they asked me to be a secretary to the Ambassador! I did that for four years here in Paris. Then I decided I would like to work at the airport for Venezuelan Airlines. I started the job and soon after they told me to go and work as a senior secretary in the Head Office. After that I joined the Herald Tribune – it’s been nine years now. They wanted someone with Spanish mother tongue, good English and a knowledge of French. I love the job.”
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When did Eugenie Blanco begin to work for the Herald Tribune - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What do Desktop Publishing programs let you produce?
Desktop Publishing (DTP) programs, such as Adobe PageMaker and QuarkXPress, let you combine text and graphics in creative ways to produce stylish greeting cards, holiday brochures, business cards, newsletters, sales catalogues, calendars and many other documents.
These programs also let you make a template of your document so you do not have to remake the whole document each time you want to change the text or the pictures. Many DTP programs let you change the file format of your design into a Web page, too - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What are the computer programs used for?
A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires software – programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.
Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.
Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What species of fish are caught in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean?
The Northeast is well-known all over the United States for its fishing industry. This is quite natural because of the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The Northeast has rich fishing areas along the Atlantic coast. The fishing industry developed rapidly here to compensate the rocky land and the poor soils. Today, large numbers of flounder, cod, herring, halibut and other fish are caught. The fishing rules are very strict, and the government takes very severe measures against those who do not observe the fishing regulations. This explains why it is possible to achieve good catches of fish, and at the same time preserve the fishing grounds with the necessary supply of fish. The fish are caught, processed and shipped both overseas and to other areas of the United States. The fish market in New York is famous not only in the United States, but all over the world both for the amount of fish sold and the different types of fish which satisfy the tastes of any buyer - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
How long can the period of time for deposit run?
Certificates of deposit pay the highest rates of interest offered by banks and savings institutions. They require the money to be left on deposit for a specified period of time that can run from a few weeks to five or more years. The money can be withdrawn early, if necessary, but not without a penalty - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What problem does the state of Oklahoma have?
Farming is important to the Southern Plains states. The farms in the state of Oklahoma grow wheat, cotton, corn, and peanuts. However, the state has a serious problem with soil erosion. In order to overcome this problem much of the cropland has been converted to grass land. This change has given good results: cattle raising has become a major agricultural activity in Oklahoma - Прочитайте текст
Adriano Olivetti started working for the company Olivetti in 1924 and later he became the boss. He introduced a standard speed for the production line of typewriters and he employed technology and design specialists. The company developed new and better typewriters and then calculators and accounting machines. In 1959 Olivetti produced the ELEA computer system. This was the first mainframe computer designed and manufactured in Italy.
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What did Olivetti produce during Adriano Olivetti’s time - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
Where do people who use DTP programs often have an image-editing program?
People who use DTP programs often have an image-editing program, such as Adobe Photoshop or CorelDraw, on their desktop. You can get images from many sources: you can draw or paint your own new images, import clip art and other images from CD-ROMs, and save images or pictures from Web pages. You can also transfer photographs from a digital camera or use images scanned into your computer from a scanner - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What is vitamin C essential for?
Vitamin С (ascorbic acid) is essential for the normal functioning of living cell and is involved in many enzymatic reactions. It is required for the development of cartilage, teeth and bones, for wound healing and aiding the absorption of iron from the intestin. Gross deficiency causes scurvy - Прочитайте текст
The software for a computer system is often more expensive than the hardware. Yet this expensive software is all too easy to copy. Crooked computer experts have devised a variety of tricks for getting these expensive programs printed out, punched on cards, recorded on tape, or otherwise delivered into their hands. This crime has even been perpetrated from remote terminals that access the computer over the telephone.
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Why are there so many tricks for getting expensive software - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What were hospitals founded for?
A very important development during the Middle Ages was the hospital. Hospitals appeared in Ceylon early in the fifth century В. С. and in India in 260 В. С. Hospitals were founded during the Middle Ages in Italy, France, England, Spain, and other European countries.
The number of hospital beds was not always an indication of hospital size, usually great beds were used and four–six patients were put on one bed.
Hospitals were founded to treat the sick people. Another development during the Middle Ages was the foundation of Universities. Many of the great European Universities were founded during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Biological sciences were taught in the universities. Students also studied the human body and some diseases - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
How is the most important symptom that leads to a diagnosis called?
Symptoms are physical conditions that indicate the illness, and are usually described as either strong mild, or weak. Many illnesses have symptoms in common, such as nausea, high blood pressure, etc., whereas other symptoms are rarer and specific to a narrow range of illnesses. The most important symptom that leads to a diagnosis is called a cardinal symptom, and the symptoms that cause a patient to seek medical help are referred to as presenting symptoms - Прочитайте текст
There is no standard computer keyboard, although many manufacturers imitate the keyboards of PCs. There are actually three different PC keyboards: the original PC keyboard, with 84 keys; the AT keyboard, also with 84 keys; and the enhanced keyboard, with 101 keys. The three differ somewhat in the placement of function keys, the Control key, the Return key, and the Shift keys.
In addition to these keys, IBM keyboards contain the following keys: Page Up, Page Down, Home, End, Insert, Pause, Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Break, Caps Lock, Print Screen.
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How many keys has enhanced keyboard - Прочитайте текст
Jenny
“I left school at sixteen and did a secretarial course. Then I joined the company. It was all right at first, but after eight years I’m still doing the same job and I’m really bored. When I apply for promotion, they say that I haven’t got the right qualifications. I can transfer to another department, but secretarial tasks are the same in any department. I don’t know what to do. What do you think? Should I leave? Should I give up secretarial work?”
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When did Jenny join the company - Прочитайте текст
In 1978, Carlo de Benedetti became the new boss of the company Olivetti. Olivetti increased its distribution and service networks and made agreements with other companies to design and produce more sophisticated office equipment. Soon Olivetti became one of the world’s leading companies in information technology and communications. There are now five independent companies in the Olivetti group – one for personal computers, one for other office equipment, one for systems and services, and two specializing in telecommunications.
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How many independent companies are there in the Olivetti group now - Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос:
What is the clean collection?
There exist two types of collections. Collections may be documentary or clean. The documentary collection is the collection of commercial documents or the collection of financial documents together with commercial documents.
The collection of only financial documents is called clean. Commercial documents are: invoices, bills of lading, waybills and certificates. Financial documents are: promissory notes, bills of exchange, cheques and payment receipts