Тема Перевод текстов с извлечением полной информации (изучающее чтение)
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The realm of 1 ______________ of to-day influences almost, every aspect of human activity, while it was only in the beginning of our century that the 2______________ idea, which was 3______________ into one of the most astonishing sciences of our time, was conceived. It was our Russian scientist A. S. Popov, who discovered the principle of wireless 4______________ that finally led to the development of electronic tubes for use in various communication devices - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Although over four-fifths of Australian population live in cities, the country has a highly developed 1_______.
Australian farms, or stations, are noted for their high level of efficiency and productivity, requiring a minimum of human labour. Only 5 per cent of the working population are engaged in agriculture, and the industry 2_______ almost all of Australia’s 3_______ requirements and large amounts of food for export.
Only two-thirds of the land area is used for agriculture. Crops are grown on about 5 per cent of the farmland, most of it is pasture for raising 4_______ and sheep - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
In 1954, an International Finance Corporation 1__________ to supplement the World Bank by participating in equity financing in member countries, and in 1960, a third 2___________, the International Development Association (IDA), was created. These three organizations constitute the World Bank Group. The IDA has the same3___________ and staff as the World Bank, but its separate charter enables it to offer loans to low-income member countries repayable at 0.75 percent interest over 50 4_________ (including 10 years’ grace) - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
To protect the public, all 1_______ must be tested and officially authorized to make sure that they are safe and produced to a quality 2_______. There are different types of medicines. Some are only available on 3_______, others are only available from pharmacies, and there are a small number that can be bought from other retail outlets. To be sure that you get the best product and advice for your needs, ask your 4_______, the expert on medicines - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The city of London has long been the nexus of international activity in a number of highly organized 1_________ markets. These include the London 2_________, the sterling money
and bond 3__________; the foreign exchange markets; eurocurrency markets; financial futures; billion; commodities; shipping and 4__________ - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Maldacena is an Argentine 1_______. In the US, many scientists 2_______ him. He’s more famous there than in Argentina. He used other 3_______ to make a new theory that is more complete than Newton’s and Einstein’s. Thanks to Maldacena, the structure of matter is easier to 4_______ now than a few years ago - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Intensive 1______________ of radio-location began in the early forties. All these years the vacuum 2_______________ was the heart of electronics and, hence, the field of 3______________ was usually defined as the study of the motion of electrons in vacuum tubes. However, it was found that small, controlled 4______________ of gas introduced into a "vacuum tube" could make it perform switching, rectifying and other jobs. To include the category of gas-filled tubes, "vacuum tubes" became converted to "electron tubes" and the science of electronics was expanded to include the study of electron motion in gases - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Banking and financial 1_________ operations in Britain involve a number of special institutions and 2_________ markets which, as a result of deregulation and new legislative frameworks, are increasingly integrating. Many 3_________ and financial institutions are unique to Britain and offer highly specialized 4_________ to individuals, companies and sovereign bodies all over the world - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Lasers are used in 1________________ and in agriculture. Russian scientists have developed a 2______________ instrument - the laser projection 3_______________ (the work received the USSR State Prize). The tremendous brightness of laser radiation 4________________ it possible to project clear images of microobjects onto large screens, magnified 15,000 times - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Because of the size of the World Bank’s subscriptions, five 1___________ - the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France - are entitled to appoint executive directors; the remaining seventeen directors2___________ by some combination of the votes of the other nations. There are 156 members nations, but, with 3__________ of the Baltic States and the devolution of the Soviet Union into separate republics, the membership could increase to over 170, thereby including all the independent nations in the world.
The Soviet Union was one of the forty-four governments whose representatives signed the original Bretton Woods agreements, but along with the other members of the Warsaw Pact, it chose not to join the Bank or the Fund when these organizations were 4__________ incorporated in 1946. (Poland and Czechoslovakia joined the Bank and the Fund initially but withdrew when the cold war began in earnest and a loan to Poland was blocked by the United States.) - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Dynamo is a common 1_______ for converting mechanical energy into electric energy. This process 2_______ on the fact that if an electrical conductor moves across a magnetic field, an electric current flows in the conductor.
Usually a 3_______ includes an electromagnet, called the field magnet, between the poles of which a suitable conductor, usually in the form a coil, called the armature, is rotated. The mechanical energy of the rotation, in the form of a current in the armature, is thus converted into 4_______ energy - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
1____________ is an extremely simple-looking 2_______________. It is nothing more than a cylinder of synthetic ruby about 1/4 inches in 3_____________ and 1 1/2 inches long mounted in the centre of a spiral coil of glass. The coil is a xenon-filled flash 4_______________, very much like the ones used by photographers for taking flash pictures - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Thermionic emission is the most important and one most commonly used in electron 1_______________. In this method 2________________ is heated, resulting in increased thermal or kinetic energy of the unbound electrons. Thus, a greater number of electrons will attain sufficient speed and energy 3________________ from the surface of the emitter. The number of electrons released per unit area of an emitting surface is related to the absolute temperature
of the cathode and a quantity of the work must perform when escaping from the emitting surface - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
In an analogue 1_______ network, the caller is connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges. The switches form an electrical connection between two users and the setting of these 2_______ is determined electronically when the caller dials the number. Once the connection is made, the caller’s voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small microphone in the caller’s handset. This 3_______ signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it 4_______ back into sound by a small speaker in that person’s handset. There is a separate electrical connection that works in reverse, allowing the user to converse - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
The 1_______ of the central bank are many and of a varied character. Firstly, in relation to the large number of commercial banks, it acts as a banker. It accepts 2_______ from, and extends loans to the banks in the country. The central bank is, therefore, rightly called bankers’ bank. Secondly, the 3_______ bank is the lender of the last resort, i.e., in any emergency, if the banks of the country are not in a position to extend credit to the genuine borrowers, the central bank must come to the assistance of the money market and save it from a crisis. Thirdly, the central bank is the 4_______ of the Government. When the Government needs loans for its current requirement for short periods, the central bank is obliged to extend credit to the Government - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Electronics is a rather young 1____________. It belongs to the twentieth century. Within a short period it has become a powerful means of progress.
Electronics surrounds us everywhere. Television, radio-receiving, tape-recording - are all based on 2_____________. The ideas of electronics are embodied in 3______________ technology and means of automation, biology and genetics which have 4______________ biotechnology as a new branch of the national economy - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The Bank of England in the heart of the City of London is Britain’s central 1________. It is a banker to the 2________ banks and to the Government; manager of the 3_____________ Debt; ‘’lender of last resort”; regulator of monetary and credit conditions; and, not least supervisor of the banking 4________ - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Electronics surrounds us everywhere. Television, tape-recording, radio-receiving - electronics is at the heart of them all. But that is only a small part of 1_______________ and not the most important at that. Extremely 2______________ electronic systems control the work of huge plants, enterprises and 3_______________ stations. Electronic appliances are indispensable for planning and controlling our national _______________ - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
When a number of 1_______________ are hooked up in series so that the output of one serves as the input to the next amplifier stage, the function of the early stages is usually to 2______________ up the voltage to a high level, while the last stage builds up the power to a level sufficient to operate an output device. Audio amplifiers amplify electrical ac 3_______________ that have a frequency range corresponding to the range of human hearing, or from about 20 to 15,000 cycles per 4________________ - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Electronic computers are widely used in 1_______________ research аnd industrial designing. Huge radio-telescopes, 2_____________ with sensitive instruments and powerful
amplifiers enable man 3_______________ an insight into the remotest corners of space, discover 4_________________ and puzzling phenomena of nature - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Until the end of 1995, the conventional wisdom was that 28.8 Kbps was about the fastest 1_______ you could squeeze out of a regular copper telephone line. Today, you can buy a modem capable of a data 2_______ up to 56 Kbps. The key question for you is knowing what speed modems your Internet service provider (ISP) has. If your ISP has only 28.8 Kbps 3_______ on its end of the line, you could have the fastest modem in the world, and only be able to 4_______ at 28.8 Kbps. Before you invest in a 56 Kbps modem, make sure your ISP supports them - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Laser beams 1_____________ it possible not only to transmit light 2______________ over great distances, but also to encase it in very thin glass filaments - waveguides. It is possible to transmit simultaneously thousand telephone 3______________ and many 4______________ programmes over a single guide a tenth of a millimetre thick - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
There are 1_______________ power amplifiers. These are similar to voltage amplifiers, except that their main 2__________________ is to supply a considerable amount of 3________________ i. e. voltage times current to the output or load 4________________, although the ac input signal may not draw any grid current and, hence, the input power may be zero - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Britain is the world's leading financial 1_________ and the home of international banking and financial 2_________. The city of London holds the greatest concentration of 3___________ in the world and is responsible for about a fifth of total international bank lending. It also accommodates the world's largest insurance and reinsurance industry and one of the 4_________ largest stock exchanges - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Many young urban girls today smoke. While 1_______ is bad for your health at any time, it is particularly so during pregnancy and may result in an underweight, small-size 2_______, and so smoking is best avoided during 3_______. It is amazing how people persist in smoking despite so much warning regarding its hazards.
It is unwise to hold a lighted cigarette while holding the baby. Smoke may also irritate baby and make him 4_______ and sneeze - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Importers and 1___________ do not use the same currency. When they buy and sell 2___________ they change money from one currency to another. There are two ways of doing this. First, the importer can pay in his own 3____________ and exporter changes it on the international currency market. Secondly, the importer 4___________ his own currency and purchases the exporter’s. Then the importer pays. Usually the banks buy and sell currency for their clients - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
California is the country’s leading grower of fruits and vegetables. Much of California’s farming is done in the Central Valley. The 1_______ in the valley produce cattle, 2_______, cotton, grapes, tomatoes, and citrus fruits.
Due to its location on the ocean, the region has important fisheries. California holds the first place in the country for its catch. The most important 3_______ caught are anchovy, tuna, and mackerel. 4_______ and Washington are the main suppliers of salmon and halibut. Fishing in Hawaii is mainly for sport and recreation - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
When 1__________________ electrons suddenly strike a metallic 2_______________ they give up their kinetic 3_________________ to the electrons and atoms which they strike. Some of the bombarding electrons collide directly with free 4_________________ on the metal surface and may knock them out from the surface. The electrons freed in this way are known as secondary emission electrons, since the primary electrons from some other source must be available to bombard the secondary electron-emitting surface - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Now we shall discuss amplifier 1________________, or more specifically, audio amplifiers. An amplifier is an electron tube or transistor circuit, which 2_________________ up an ac signal applied to its input. It is called a voltage amplifier if the magnitude of the output 3__________________ from the amplifier is considerably greater than that of the input voltage. As a matter of fact the ratio of the output voltage to the 4__________________ voltage is called the amplification or gain of the amplifier - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
The bank has become a characteristic institution of 1_______ economic life. The business of the bank is to accept deposits from the public and lend money to businessmen. The 2_______ thus deal in debts. They are debtors to all depositors, and if someone borrows from the bank, he or she will become a debtor to the bank. The banks 3_______ a small amount of interest – say about one to two per cent to the depositors, and charge about six to seven per cent from the borrowers. The difference is earned by the bank and out of it all administrative and other 4_______ are incurred - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Management of a 1_______________ consists of the board of directors who decide corporate policy, and the officers who carry on the daily 2_______________. The 3________________ is elected by the stockholders, and the officers are appointed by the board. Some specific duties of the board of directors are to declare dividends, authorize 4________________, decide on executive salaries, and arrange major loans banks - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Due to electronics the first man-made 1_____________ was launched into space, and now man has already set his foot on the Moon, sends probes to distant planets. Radioelectronic 2______________ ensure reliable communication with space probes at distances of millions of kilometers, relay 3_______________ of distant planets. The greatest application of 4______________ is in the field of communications - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The conventional circuit would require approximately 40 separate discrete 1___________, 200 connections, 40 hermetic seals, and 300 2_____________ processing operations with each operation, seal, and connection representing a possible source of failure. However, if all the elements of this circuit 3_______________ are integrated upon one chip of silicon, the number of connection drops to about 14. All circuit elements ar interconnected inside the package by a process known as vapour metallization; 4_______________ of 40 hermetic seals there is one, and the three hundred processing operations are reduced to approximately 30 - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The corporation form of business has several 1_________ over the sole proprietorship and partnership. It is a separate 2_________ entity and offers limited liability to the owners, ease of capital generation and 3__________ of transfer of ownership. 4_________, it allows centralized authority, responsibility and professional management - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The Switzerland-based Nestle corporation, once a Swiss chocolate maker, now is the world's biggest food company and the largest 1__________ of coffee, powdered milk, and frozen dinners. The 2__________ also became number 1 in candy after passing Mars. And with the purchase of Perrier for $2.7 billion, Nestle became the world's largest producer of mineral water with a 20 per cent share of the world 3__________. Nestle 4_________ its success through intensive global expansion. Nestle does only 2 per cent of its business in Switzerland: the remaining 98 per cent is in other countries - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Milbank is known to have advised a variety of Western clients over the years on trade, licensing and related transactions with 1________ Europe. Most recently, for example, Milbank advised a major American retail company on its sale of certain equipment for use in Russian 2_________ and assisted a Western bank in devising a structure to monetize East German foreign 3_________ obligations. Milbank has many 4________ of experience in advising clients on export controls and technology transfer restrictions that may be applicable in these transactions - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Agriculture in the United States 1_______ over the last 200 years. At the time of the American Revolution (1775-83), 95 percent of the population was engaged in farming. Today that figure is less than 2 percent. Although individuals or families own 85 percent of all farms in the United States, they own only 64 percent of the 2_______. The remainder is owned by corporations, large and small, and farming and its related industries have become 3_______ business – «agribusiness». Yet for all the changes, 4_______ is a constant in American life, and the food produced is safe, abundant, and affordable - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The World Bank Group has had a significant positive effect on the flow of 1___________ to the poorer countries of the world, both directly and indirectly, and knowledge of Third World problems 2____________ enormously. Still, the record of growth is spotty. In much of East Asia, per capita income is rising 3_________, but in Africa south of the Sahara, in South Asia, and in much of Latin America, the growth of per capita 4__________ has been discouragingly slow - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Because of the size of the World Bank’s subscriptions, five nations - the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France - are entitled to appoint executive 1___________; the remaining seventeen directors are elected by some combination of the votes of the other nations. There are 156 members 2___________, but, with the independence of the Baltic States and the devolution of the Soviet Union into separate republics, the membership could increase to over 170, thereby including all the independent nations in the world.
The Soviet Union was one of the forty-four governments whose representatives signed the original Bretton Woods agreements, but along with the other members of the Warsaw Pact, it chose not to 3__________ the Bank or the Fund when these organizations were formally incorporated in 1946. (Poland and Czechoslovakia joined the Bank and the Fund initially but withdrew when the 4__________ war began in earnest and a loan to Poland was blocked by the United States.) - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Electric power is generated at power plants and it must be transmitted to other parts of the country. How is 1_______ transmitted to those parts? Thick 2_______ carry electric power over long distances. The wires are not always made of copper, often they are made of other 3_______.
A number of wires put together form one thick 4_______. A cable consists of a number of wires put together and a pair consists of two insulated conductors forming a metallic circuit. Thus the basic transmission element of communications is a long transmission line, and a cable is the main part of this long transmission line - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
One of the first multinational 1__________, Nestle now has production facilities in more than 60 2__________. Its 3___________ can be found almost everywhere around the globe. In Europe, where Nestle’s success is greatest, 4_________ of instant coffee, mineral water, yogurt, frozen foods, cold cuts, candy, and cereal bars total roughly $10.2 billion - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The range of radio 1______________ in space is extending more and more. There is every reason to believe that radio links may be set over 2________________ of 100 million kilometers or even more.
Now we cannot imagine our life without electronics.
But it all began with the 3_______________ of radio. It was our Russian scientist A.S. Popov who discovered the principles of 4________________ communication that finally led to the development of electronic tubes for use in various communication devices - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The corporation form of 1__________ has 2_________ disadvantages. It is subject to greater 3_________ regulation and double taxation. In addition, separation of ownership and control may allow management to 4__________ harmful decisions - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Unlike other diseases, there is no objective way to make a 1_______ of mental illness, and very often a diagnosis is based on observations of behaviour and scores in psychological tests. The dividing lines between madness, 2_______, and normality are in fact rarely clear, though strange behaviour and impulses are usually associated with mental illness if suffering is involved.
‘Mental illness’ is a broad label for 3_______ that include
– 4_______ instability
– behavioural disorders
– cognitive dysfunction - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Operating in both the public and private 1__________, there is a number of different special 2__________ institutions offering loan finance and equity capital. In the private houses they 3________ finance houses; specialist leasing houses; factoring companies and venture capital companies, each providing 4_________ to retail bank funding - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
The banks in their 1_______ form gradually evolved in England, where the 2_______ men used to deposit their cash and other valuables with the goldsmith for safe custody. These goldsmiths learnt out of experience, that out of the total deposits, hardly more than ten per cent were withdrawn by the depositor on any day. Therefore, if they had kept about ten per cent reserve cash to meet the 3_______ from the depositors, they would have loaned the remaining amounts to borrowers earning interest out of these loans. This gradually became a regular practice and they started paying a small interest to depositors to 4_______ more deposits. Out of this system the modern institution of Banking developed - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The conventional circuit would require approximately 40 separate discrete 1___________, 200 connections, 40 hermetic seals, and 300 separate processing operations with each operation, seal, and connection representing a possible source of failure. However, if all the elements of this circuit are integrated upon one chip of silicon, the 2_____________ of connection drops to about 14. All circuit elements are interconnected inside the package by a process 3_______________ as vapour metallization; instead of 40 hermetic seals there is one, and the three 4_______________ processing operations are reduced to approximately 30 - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Management of a 1_________ consists of the board of directors who decide corporate 2__________, and the officers who carry on the daily operations. The board is elected by the stockholders, and the officers are appointed by the board. Some specific duties of the board of 3__________ are to declare dividends, authorize contracts, decide on executive salaries, and arrange major loans 4___________ - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
Electronics is one of the main 1_____________, which forms the 2_______________ basis for using these new methods. Electronics studies the problems connected with the application of instruments and 3_____________, the action of which is based on the utilization of various phenomena that result from the movement of 4______________ through vacuum, gases and solid bodies - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами
The World Bank Group has had a significant positive effect on the flow of capital to the poorer countries of the 1___________, both directly and indirectly, and knowledge of Third World 2____________ has increased enormously. Still, the record of growth is spotty. In much of East Asia, per capita income is rising rapidly, but in 3_________ south of the Sahara, in South Asia, and in much of Latin America, the growth of per capita 4__________ has been discouragingly slow