Тема Чтение с полным пониманием текста и логическое завершение предложения
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Beside his work on antiseptics, Joseph Lister made many other contributions to the surgery. Among them was the use of catgut ligature.
To find a material stronger than silk, Lister experimented for over a year. Finally he found catgut. Lister became famous all over the world. Surgeons could now do different operations thanks to antiseptic methods. Lister had become a national and world hero. Gradually, other surgeons began to adopt Lister’s methods. They learned that germs in the air were not the chief danger. The big danger came from germs that might be on the hands or clothes of the surgeons or on the surgical instruments or bandages.
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Gradually, other surgeons began _______ - Прочитайте текст
Now, cacao farmers have begun to grow their cacao trees in the rain forest again, on smaller farms. The cacao trees grow much better – and provide more cocoa. In some places, the rain forest is growing again where it had been destroyed for cacao farms. This is a very good change, because everyone in the world needs the rain forest, to help the planet ‘breathe’. And healthier cacao trees mean more chocolate for everyone!
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This is a very good change, because _______ - Прочитайте текст
Health foods may be popular today because many Americans became tired of processed foods. Canned, frozen, and processed foods became very popular in the United States in the 1950s. At that time, the American food industry tried to convince American cooks that these foods were more timesaving, modern, and safe. And those values were more important to most Americans than the taste of the food. The time saved by opening a can of peas was more important to busy housewives than the better taste of fresh peas, which take more work in the kitchen. And the economy of the United States changed so that it actually became cheaper to buy canned or frozen peas than fresh ones.
What do Americans eat today? Many, who grew up eating food out of a can, prefer frozen pizzas, potato chips, and TV dinners. Others prefer “plain old American food,” which usually means something like simply cooked meat with potatoes and vegetables cooked separately. At the same time, some Americans have become interested in other kinds of foods, such as health foods and international foods.
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At that time, the American food industry tried to convince American cooks that these foods were _______ - Прочитайте текст
Romans invaded Britain in AD 43 and, chasing ancient Britons along Thames, they came to first place where it was easy to cross. They built garrison there – and London was born. They also erected bridge over river. Garrison became major trading post. Later, bridge suffered neglect and whole area was raided by Vikings. In AD 886 Alfred Great drove out raiders, bridge was repaired and city prospered again. Hundred years later, Vikings returned but King Ethelred sailed up Thames, attached ropes to London Bridge, headed downriver and pulled it down.
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They built garrison there _______ - Прочитайте текст
Dr Robert Kronisch, a sports medicine consultant in San Jose who recently completed a study of serious mountain biking injures. He discovered the incidence of damage far higher than for jogging or most other sports. Interviewing 265 riders, he found that more than twenty per cent had suffered injuries serious enough to require medical attention last year.
Many of the interviewers for the Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine were from US mountain bike clubs, which suggests that they were advanced riders, possibly more likely to their machines over difficult routes.
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He discovered _______ - Прочитайте текст
Cough is one of the commonest symptoms in childhood as well as at any age. It is important to understand that coughing is quite a normal act, as it is one of the body’s ways of protecting the bronchial tubes and lungs. Any irritation of the bronchial tree or the trachea excites a reflex one cough. There are two main causes of this irritation. Firstly, it may be due to mucus which comes down the back of the nose. The cough reflex is to prevent the entering of mucus into the bronchial tubes. Secondly, infection may cause inflammation of the trachea and this produces the cough reflex.
Many children who have a persistent cough have no disease in their chest. When the doctor examines such a child with his stethoscope there is no abnormality to be heard. However, in some children coughing is due to impairment in the chest itself. The cough is an expression of the normal defences of the chest, but in this case the bronchial tubes are inflamed.
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There are two main _______ - Прочитайте текст
A draft is an unconditional written order by which one party directs a second party to pay to the order of a third party or to the bearer a certain sum of money on demand or at a definite time. A draft is also known as a bill of exchange (B/O).
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A draft is an unconditional written order by which one party directs a second party to pay to the order of a third party or to the bearer a certain sum of money on demand or _________________ - Прочитайте текст
Just before Hubble’s Law was published in 1929, another far-reaching finding was made by the son of a Scottish shepherd. Before going on holiday, he left a dish with bacteria near the window of his laboratory. When he came back, he was just about to throw the dish away when he noticed something out of the ordinary. He double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed. The blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin which Fleming realized was an effective way of killing bacteria. A few years later, penicillin was being mass-produced and helping to save the lives of millions. Despite the outcome of his discovery, Fleming remained modest and unassuming. ‘Nature makes penicillin,’ he said, ’I just found it.’
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He double-checked and saw a blue mould _______ - Прочитайте текст
Geotracer System is a complete GPS surveying system for all types’ applications.
Developed for surveyors by surveyors it’s system you can count when the highest accuracy is required, or in areas near buildings and trees, in tunnels and under bridges.
Rugged and ergonomic, with a user interface and method of working, it is designed to make you feel at home.
Initial results are presented within 3 seconds with updates 4 times a second. That means you can use GPS in setting out and collecting detail. Based on the same modular upgrade concept as geodimeter System 600, you decide when to move up and how far.
Surveying… is maximum productivity in every situation.
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Geotracer System is a complete GPS surveying system for ________ - Прочитайте текст
In 1871 the prominent Russian doctor V.A. Manassein published his report in which he described his numerous experiments with “penicillium glaucum”. During his observations of this particular plant V.A. Manassein discovered that many bacteria did not multiply and did not produce new ones in its presence. Due to this phenomenon V.A. Manassein began to investigate the properties of this plant. He determined that it grew well only in such an environment which was provided with oxygen, that is it was aerobic. The young culture of penicillium glaucum destroyed bacteria rapidly, they could not multiply and even disappeared in its presence. The great significance of penicillium glaucum as a protective agent against bacterial infection was clearly determined.
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The young culture of penicillium glaucum destroyed bacteria rapidly, they could not multiply and _______ - Прочитайте текст
Perforation of gastric or duodenal ulcer into the free peritoneal cavity is an indication for operation.
Surgical intervention is indicated in case of severe bleeding of the upper gastrointestinal tract when there are no signs of portal obstruction and when the haemorrhage persists after 2.5 litres of blood transfusion.
The primary purpose of the operation is to arrest haemorrhage. But the operation should also have the purpose of healing the ulcer.
During the operation the stomach must be opened widely. The operating surgeon must make a thorough search for the bleeding point. But often the surgeon is unable to find such a point. In such a case three-fourths of the stomach must be resected.
In severe haemorrhage reoccurs in the postoperative period a repeated operation of the stomach should be carried out. In this case all the stomach except a 1 cm margin at the esophagus should be resected.
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During the operation _______ - Прочитайте текст
In 1812 a young man called James Barry finished his studies in medicine at Edinburgh University. After that the popular young doctor joined the army and over next forty years had a brilliant career as an army medical office. He worked in many far-off countries and fighting successfully for improved conditions in hospitals. It was a remarkable career – even more remarkable by the discovery upon his death that he was in fact a she. James Barry was a woman.
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After that the popular young doctor joined the army _______ - Прочитайте текст
In scarlet fever the period of invasion lasts only twenty-four hours, it being characterized by headaches, vomiting, sore throat, and rapid pulse. In mild cases, when the patient is seen in the later stages of the disease, the diagnosis is often made from the character of eruption. Examining the patient the physician usually notes the inflammation of the throat which is associated with the enlargement of the glands of the neck. The typical symptoms of the disease are associated with the common simultaneous phenomena, loss of appetite, gastrointestinal disturbances, small amount of urine of dark colour, and mild delirium being most frequent. In scarlet fever during the final stage of convalescence the patient may feel almost well, but the most serious complications sometimes occur, kidney impairment being the most characteristic.
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In scarlet fever the period of invasion lasts only twenty-four hours, it being characterized by _______ - Прочитайте текст
Every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death, the awards (gold medal, illuminated diploma, and money) are presented to the winners. Sometimes politics plays an important role in the judges’ decisions. Americans have won numerous science awards, but relatively few literature prizes. No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War II. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; others have shared their prizes.
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Some people have won two prizes, _______ - Прочитайте текст
Another problem is that Chartis has built many new chemical and paint factories along the river. Dinder thinks that the factories in Chartis have put a lot of chemicals into the river. A lot of fish have died and it is dangerous to swim or wash in the river in Dinder.
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A lot of fish have died and _______ - Прочитайте текст
After inventing dynamite, Swedish-born Alfred Nobel became a very rich man. However, he foresaw its universally destructive powers too late. Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite, so in 1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contributions to mankind. Originally there were five awards: literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, and peace. Economics was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years after the first awards ceremony.
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Originally there were five awards: _______ - Прочитайте текст
The second problem is that farmers in Bordang have been persuaded to grow sugar cane and other cash crops. Bordang can export the crops (and so earn a lot of incomes) but they need much more water than traditional crops. In many places the route of the river has been changed to irrigate the new crops. This means that the level of the river in Chartis and Dinder is often much lower than it used to be.
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This means that __________ - Прочитайте текст
To understand the great work, which Joseph Lister did, we must know the conditions the hospitals in those early days of the 19th century. Operating rooms were usually in separate buildings so that the other patients in the hospital could not hear the screams of the unhappy patient who was strapped to the operating table. Because of the terrible pain, the surgeon had to operate as quickly as possible. The operating tables were little better than kitchen tables. Under these tables a tub of sand was placed to catch the blood from the operation. The instruments were often not even washed.
The surgeons were not indifferent or careless. They had simply no understanding at all of the bad effects of dirt. They were sorry that their patients died so often but they did not connect this with dirt.
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The operating tables were _______ - Прочитайте текст
For use in medical instruments, factory automation and industrial-use endoscopes, the ultra-miniature color camera includes a camera head the size of a person’s little finger, and employs a digital process. Adopting an internal and external synchronous system, the camera links the head section and control unit through a dedicated cable. It uses a built-in, 330,000-pixel, 1/3-inch CCD with a chip-on-lens structure, and this plus the built-in digital processor results in excellent image quality. The horizontal resolution shows 430 TV lines, the sensitivity reaches 15 lux, and the ratio stands at 46 dB.
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The horizontal resolution shows ________ - Прочитайте текст
About 67 per cent of the people in Britain own their houses or flats. Most of the rest live in rented accommodation. People in Britain buy houses or flats because there is not enough rented accommodation and what there is can be expensive.
Most British houses have a garden and many British people spend a lot of time in it. Most gardens, even small ones, have flowers and a lawn. If you don’t have a garden, it is possible to grow flowers and vegetables on an allotment, which is a piece of land rented from the local council.
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Most gardens, even small ones, _______ - Прочитайте текст
Mixing small wires with enlarged ends into concrete increases the material’s strength and hardness, according to research performed at the National laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.
Researchers found that when bone-shaped wires 25 mm long were added in amounts equal to just 1 percent of the concrete’s volume, the strength increased by as much as 84 percent. The concrete was also 93 times harder.
Straight steel wires have been used to reinforce concrete for several decades. But wires of this kind bond only weakly with the concrete at their ends. Besides, it turned out that straight wires can also snap under high stress without much bending or stretching. In stress tests concrete containing the wires with bulbous ends became even stronger after the first cracks appeared as the load was transferred to the wires.
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Straight steel wires have been used _______ - Прочитайте текст
Gallstones are found in 10-15% of people. They have been discovered even in the new-born. However until the age of 15-20 their occurrence is extremely rare. After the age of 70 gallstones may be found in every third person, the incidence of the disease among women being considerably more than among men.
Gallstones are formed in the gallbladder and bile ducts. Their origin is due to disturbances of cholesterol metabolism, that is an increased amount of cholesterol in the blood and bile. Inflammatory processes in the gallbladder and bile ducts are also responsible for the development of gallstones.
The chief symptoms of cholelithiasis are attacks of sharp pain in the right hypochondrium, they often being accompanied by vomiting, chill, and a high temperature. Jaundice may develop in cases when a gallstone occludes a large hepatic or bile duct.
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They have been discovered even in ________ - Прочитайте текст
In the past, cacao farmers in Brazil grew trees on small farms in the rain forests. Then they decided that they could grow more trees and make more money if they had bigger farms. To make space for the farms, farmers often cut down parts of the rain forest. However, farmers soon realized that cacao trees that are planted on farms in the open get too much sun. They are not as healthy as trees that grow in the forest, protected from the sun by shade of the larger trees.
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Then they decided that they could grow more trees _______ - Прочитайте текст
We live in a detached house in the old part of the city. It has three floors and a basement, which I use as a study. It’s got a small front garden and a lovely view over the bay. Many people dream of buying a cottage in the country where they can escape to at weekends. Others even hope to own a villa in a beautiful location on the coast. Most people here, however, live in flats. There are a lot of students living here in rented rooms and bed-sits.
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It has three floors and a basement, _______ - Прочитайте текст
In Lister’s time there was a woman whose name is known all over the world shows how the reasons of the effects of dirt were found. Her name was Florence Nightingale.
Nightingale’s contributions to the evolution of nursing as a profession were invaluable. Before she undertook her reforms, nurses were largely untrained personnel who considered their job a menial chore; through her efforts the status of nursery was raised to a medical profession with high standards of education and important responsibilities. In 1907, she became the first woman to receive the British Order of Merit. She died in London in 1910 on August 13. Her works were translated in many languages. Florence Nightingale’s new kind of nursing went hand in hand with Joseph Lister’s work.
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Florence Nightingale’s new kind _______ - Прочитайте текст
It was in 1819, in Vevey, that Francois-Louis Cailler set up a small business making and selling cocoa and chocolate.
It eventually became the first Swiss chocolate factory. Handmade chocolate was already made in other countries but Cailler was the first to put the idea of making chocolate by machine. The business developed and in 1898, Alexander Cailler, his grandson, left Vevey and built a new factory at Broc in the heart of Gruyиre district, an area well-known for the richness of its milk. The following year there were 120 workers at the factory and by 1906 over a thousand people were employed there. By this time the chocolate industry had become an important part of the Swiss economy.
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By this time the chocolate industry had become _______ - Прочитайте текст
A few months ago Mr and Mrs Smith had a big problem. He had a chance to get a promotion at work. Naturally, she wanted him to look his best at all times and to make a really good impression at work. She worked very hard to make his clothes look clean. But in spite of all her hard work, she could never get his shirts as clean as she wanted them to be.
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She worked very hard to _______ - Прочитайте текст
The bank, according to the contracts with its depositors, agrees to honor (pay when due) each cheque as long as sufficient funds remain in the depositor’s account. As a debtor of the depositor, the bank must honor the cheques in return for the right to use the depositor’s funds until the depositor demands their return. Of course, the bank must retain a sizable percentage of all funds deposited so that it can pay cheques when they are presented. The remainder of the deposited funds is loaned at interest to pay for the bank's operations and to earn for the bank's owners.
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The bank, according to the contracts with its depositors, agrees to honor each cheque as long as sufficient funds remain _______________ - Прочитайте текст
First it was aerobics. Then it was jogging. Now cycling has been declared a health hazard. Jogging was never particularly good for you, so doctors said: “Its action could damage the knees and the back.” But if cycling your way to health was ever an alternative, it may not be now.
This is because American doctors have just put a question mark against mountain biking. Almost all cyclists interviewed by one Californian doctor had suffered at least one injury in the past twelve months, so cycling may not be as healthy as you thought.
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This is because American doctors _______ - Прочитайте текст
By 2050 water will have become one of our most serious problems. In many places, agriculture is changing and they are growing fruit and vegetables to export. This uses a lot of water. Demand for water will increase ten times between now and 2050 and there could be serious shortages. Some futurologists predict that water could be the cause of war if we don’t act now.
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Some futurologists predict that _______ - Прочитайте текст
Louis Pasteur was born in 1822. He was a prominent French chemist, one of the founders of modern microbiology.
His research work helped much to establish the field of bacteriology. In his early years Pasteur devoted his energies to the discovery of microorganisms in wine and beer production. He introduced the idea of heat sterilization (pasteurization) for these products and milk too.
In later life he became interested in hydrophobia. Working in this field he developed the principle that viral pathogenic properties could be attenuated by passing the virus through the body of a proper animal. On the basis of these observations he developed a vaccine for hydrophobia.
Continuing his investigation L. Pasteur discovered the method to prevent some infectious diseases by introducing attenuated causative agents. This method is known as vaccination. It has helped to fight against many infectious diseases.
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In later life he became interested in _______ - Прочитайте текст
It doesn’t mater whether you’ve been here five minutes of five days – by now you’ve probably observed that New York is unique among cities. From the Empire State Building to the elegant sweep of Fifth Avenue, from fashionable SoHo to the vibrant upper West Side, the Big Apple offers the best and the rarest of life’s treasures. This is doubly true on the shopping front, where baubles from Borneo, boots from Brazil and ball gowns from Bill Blass can be all found within the same city block.
Although jewellery is treasured the world over, there are shops in Manhattan glittering with one-of-the-kind gems that will never appear in your local jewellery shop. Picture exotic golden birds trailing brilliantly coloured plumage made of semiprecious stones, dragonflies with delicate wings made of luminous blue and pink opals; and even tiny golden flies so realistic you can almost hear the buzz. These special pieces by Australian jewellery designer Tony White were created exclusively for a remarkable shop called Jewellers Design.
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These special pieces by Australian jewellery designer Tony White _______ - Прочитайте текст
After a long career overseas, Barry returned to London where she died in 1865. While the undertaker’s assistant was preparing her body for burial, she discovered that James Barry was a woman.
So why did James Barry deceive people so long? At that time a woman could not study medicine, work as a doctor or join the army. Perhaps Barry always wanted to do these things and pretending to be a man was the only way to make it possible. Perhaps she was going to tell the truth one day, but didn’t because she was enjoying her life as a man too much. Whatever the reason, Barry’s deception was successful. By the time it was discovered she was the first woman in Britain to qualify as a doctor, it was too late for her authorities to do anything on it.
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Perhaps she was going to tell the truth one day, _______ - Прочитайте текст
Sainsbury’s supermarkets share with Tesco the leading position in food and drink sales in Britain. Both have about 12% of the market, but they have very different images. Sainsbury’s has a middle-class image and suggests good food and wine. Most of the supermarkets and Homebase stores, which sell Do-It-Your-self goods, are in the richest part of the country, the South-East and the Midlands. There are no Sainsbury’s stores in Scotland, Wales or large areas of the North. In the mid-1970-s Sainsbury’s started to built very big supermarkets, ‘hypermarkets’, on the edge of towns. This reflects social change, where more affluent people have cars and only want to shop once a week. Like the introduction of the first self-service store in 1950, the idea is American. The architecture of the hypermarkets is interesting. They often look like small communities of houses set around a church tower, something like an old English village. Inside is a single space which contains all the old type of shops under one roof- the butcher, baker, grocer, fishmonger – in an impersonal, modern setting. The first Sainsbury’s was a diary which opened in Drury Lane, London in 1869. The Sainsbury family still has the controlling interest in the company today.
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Sainsbury’s has a middle-class image and _______ - Прочитайте текст
Harrods is a tourist attraction in London like Buckingham Palace or the Tower of London. It is also a department store. 40% of Harrods’ business is to foreign customers and there is a total of 50,000 customers a day. It all started as a grocer’s shop in 1849, owned by Harry Charles Harrod. The area where Harrods is, Knightsbridge, became fashionable and wealthy after the 1851 Great Exhibition was held in nearby Hyde Park. Harrods has always sold luxury to the rich. In the first 50 years to 1901 Harrods grew larger, and by 1905 it had become the store we see today, employing 4,000 people. Harrods has about 230 departments, among them 16 Food Halls and 34 for fashion. The store runs a library, has a bank, arranges funerals, has a kennel for customers’ dogs, and its own water supply and electricity generators. Harrods covers 1.8 hectares and seems like a potential independent state in London, a Vatican of commerce.
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Harrods has always sold luxury _______ - Прочитайте текст
Capable of continuous at room temperatures, a blue-green semiconductor laser uses a 523 nm oscillation wavelength and offers a 4.5 mA threshold current. In developing the device, the engineers used zinc-magnesium-selenide for the photo layer, and zinc-magnesium-sulfide-selenide for the cladding layer. This encloses the electrons, the positive hole and the light. For this purpose, the engineers improved the proprietary manufacturing technique for the cladding layer, a process offering fine quality. A resonator surface protection film enhances the energy efficiency, enabling a suitable threshold current and a threshold current density of 1.4 kA/cm2.
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The engineers improved the proprietary manufacturing technique ________ - Прочитайте текст
The first problem is that Alessia has very little wood or coal to make electricity. The World Bank lent Alessia $200 million and, with the money, a dam has been built to generate hydroelectricity for the growing population. As a result, the other countries now have much less water to irrigate their crops. However, Alessia has offered to build a new water pipeline to the other countries.
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However, Alessia has offered _______ - Прочитайте текст
Your meeting ran late and your taxi’s stuck in traffic. You’ll never make your plane! Business travel is filled with unexpected delays.
Now you can call ahead, find a flight and reserve a seat, all on the way to the airport! The Cincinnati Microwave Car-Less Phone provides portable, cellular convenience when you need it, with or without your car.
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The Cincinnati Microwave Car-Less Phone provides ________ - Прочитайте текст
For use in broadcast and communications satellite receivers, the series of microwave local oscillators feature the smallest, lightest designs in the industry, weighting 4.4 g and measuring 7.5 mm tall. They offer a 1.9 cc volume. There are six models; samples are available. This one operates at 10.678 GHz. The 2nd covers 11.200 GHz, the 3rd works at 11.300 GHz and the 7th accommodates 10.750 GHz. The 8th works at 10.873 GHz, the 9th handles 10.990 GHz. The excellent performance eliminates the need to adjust the high frequency. As a whole, the modules make it possible to create a miniature outdoor unit for satellite broadcasting. They are suitable for converters in flat antennas, and mount easily on converters.
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The excellent performance eliminates the need to adjust _______ - Прочитайте текст
The cardinal symptoms of ulcer are pain, localized tenderness, hyperacidity of the gastric juice and vomiting of blood. The time at which the pain develops depends largely on the situation of the ulcer. If the ulcer is in the body of the stomach or near the cardiac end, that is, near the opening of the esophagus, pain may develop very shortly after eating and may disappear when the stomach is empty. In this case a sharply localized area of tenderness will be felt in the middle of the epigastrium or slightly to the left and there may also be tenderness to the left of the lower spine. If the ulcer is near the pylorus pain will develop later in the course of digestion as the stomach is empting itself. In ulcer of the duodenum an aching pain develops two, three or more hours after meals and is relieved by food.
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The time at which the pain develops depends largely on _______ - Прочитайте текст
During Lister’s early days as a surgeon, silk ligatures were used. Their ends were left outside the wound until the surgeon could pull them out. This system was not good.
Lister knew that the human body could absorb foreign particles. He wondered whether antiseptic silk might be absorbed too.
In 1867, he made the first experiment. The patient was an old horse. Lister cut open the horse’s neck and tied a silk signature around an artery. He sewed up the opening. One stormy night many years later when Lister was in bed with the flu he learned that the horse was dying. Lister rushed to the stable and by the light of a lantern he opened up the neck of the horse. He saw what he had hoped to see: the silk had been neatly walled off by surrounding tissue. Now he knew that it was no longer necessary to remove the ligatures used inside the body.
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Lister cut open the horse’s neck _______ - Прочитайте текст
Next is a chain of popular fashion clothes shops for men and women which was successful in the 1980s. In 1981, a small group of clothes shops was taken over by George and Liz Davies, a married couple and named Next. They sold clothes in co-ordinated groups to make choice easy, and became famous for their suits, which were worn by the new businessmen and women. In 1985, Next started selling furniture and opened jewellery shops. It started catalogue shopping in 1988. In contrast to others on the market the catalogue looked like a well-designed magazine and the shops were created by a fashionable interior-design practice, Conran Associates. In December 1988, the Davies were sacked, fashions started to change and people stopped spending large amounts of money on clothes as inflation and interest rates rose. The new management closed many shops. Next provides a cheap education in style and fashion that had not been available to the majority of people before.
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They sold clothes in co-ordinated groups to make choice easy, _______ - Прочитайте текст
Your rhythm of life has begun with the first beat of your heart. Feel your heart. Then feel your wrist where the pulse bears. That is where one can best feel the rhythm of the blood moving through the human body from the heart.
If one listens to the heart one can determine that in most adults the heart beats about 72 times a minute. Movements of the body or emotions can change the rhythm of the heart.
So one may say that the rhythm of the heart is the first and most important rhythm of human life.
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Movements of the body or emotions can change _______ - Прочитайте текст
In the last century, people began to use the great power of the wind and the sun to produce electricity. Giant fans can be attached to electrical generators. An electrical generator is a machine that creates electricity when it turns. When the wind blows, the fan turns the generator. This is a good way to create electricity. Unlike burning coal or oil, wind energy does not create pollution. And the wind will always blow.
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When the wind blows, _______ - Прочитайте текст
Barry was a pleasant and good-humoured person. She was well-liked by her patients and had a reputation for great speed in surgery – an important quality at a time when operations were performed without anaesthetic. She was also quick-tempered. When she was working in army hospitals and prisons overseas, the terrible conditions made her very angry. She fought hard against injustice and cruelty and her temper sometimes got her into trouble with the authorities.
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When she was working in army hospitals and prisons overseas, _______ - Прочитайте текст
Acute bacterial endocarditis is one of the forms of the impairment of endocardium.
The disease develops as a complication of some primary focus of infection. The causative agents of the disease may be streptococci, staphylococci, meningococci and other organisms. If the primary focus of infection has external localization it is readily diagnosed. However, there are cases with deeply localized internal primary focus of infection, which present much difficulty for the diagnosis.
From the local focus of infection pathogenic organisms enter the general blood flow and form secondary foci of infection. Such foci may develop in the endocardium affecting the aortic, mitral and sometimes tricuspid valves.
In some cases acute bacterial endocarditis is accompanied by purulent pericarditis and pleurisy.
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Acute bacterial endocarditis is one of the forms _______ - Прочитайте текст
The warmth of the sun can be used to heat water, which makes steam. This steam can be used to turn a generator to make electricity. Electricity also can be created by using special materials that turn sunlight directly into electricity.
Wind and the sun power will become more important in the future. Maybe it’s time to rewrite the old story. Maybe the wind and the sun should argue about who can produce the most electricity.
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Maybe the wind and the sun should argue about _______ - Прочитайте текст
The heart is a pump. Its function is to pump the blood through the general and pulmonary circulation. The power required for this purpose varies greatly, depending on the position, exercise and resistance to blood flow.
To meet these varying requirements the heart has a wide reserve power. If the load on the heart is permanently increased the reserve is diminished or the heart undergoes hypertrophy to meet the increased requirements.
If, because of poor nutrition, infection or overstrain, hypertrophy fails, or the reserve is eliminated, the heart dilates, and heart failure or cardiac insufficiency develops.
Hypertrophy of the heart muscle is almost always accompanied by increase in the size of the heart cavities, but in dilatation, properly speaking, the muscle walls become thin and lose their tone and the size of the cavities is disproportionally large.
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Its function is to pump the blood _______ - Прочитайте текст
Council flats and houses are built and owned by the local council. After the Second World War, a lot of high-rise council flats, known as tower blocks, were constructed. Some were as high as 20 storeys and so badly built that they had to be pulled down only thirty years later.
Modern council housing estates are built differently now. There might be a mixture of two-storey terraced houses, together with a four-storey block of flats. There are play areas for children and there is often a community centre where people who live on the estate can meet.
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Modern council housing estates _______ - Прочитайте текст
Dinder will contribute to the problem. Their capital city used to be in the south-east of the country, but now gold has been discovered near the river Quangga. The government has decided to move the capital to the north-west and wants to build three big reservoirs for the eight million people who will live in the new city. However, there is not enough water to fill the reservoirs.
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Their capital city used to be in the south-east of the country, _______