Тема Чтение текстов с извлечением основной информации (ознакомительное чтение)
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Cured meats are those which have had combined with salt, sodium or potassium nitrite. Sugar and spice are optional ingredients. The salt functions as a preservative while the nitrite and nitrate combine with the meat pigments to form fairy stable coloured compounds - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Confections are divided into several large groups: hard candies, chewy confections, aerated confections and chocolate candies. Common sweeteners used in confections are refined crystalline cane or beet sugar, liquid sugar, corn syrup, starch, honey and some others - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Levi Strauss was in Bavaria in Europe in 1829. He moved to America when he was 17 years old. He went there to look for gold.
Strauss took a lot of cloth with him to San Francisco. When he got there, he saw that people needed clothes. Clothes did not last very long in the gold fields. He decided that he would stop looking for gold and would only make pants. He opened a small shop and made a lot of money from selling pants.
Strauss found a strong cloth. It came from a town in France called Nimes. The French called it ‘serge de Nimes’. The Americans called it ‘denim’. Strauss also bought some cloth from Genoa, a town in Italy. To Americans this name sounded like ‘jeans’ so they called his pants ‘jeans’. The cloth Strauss used was always blue so people called his pants ‘blue jeans’ and ‘blue denims’. Other people called them ‘Levi’s’ - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Sugar is extracted from sugar cane and the sugar beet. Cane sugar is manufactured from sugar cane. In the manufacture of sugar cane, the first step is crushing of the cane to express the juice. The juice is then clarified, usually by heating with Lime. The clarified juice is then concentrated in vacuum evaporators to a brownish syrup containing about 35 per cent moisture of syrup and crystals - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Fluid milk for commercial distribution is usually pasteurized, that is subjected to the temperature of 61,70 C for at least 30 min or 71,70 C for 15 sec. and then cooled and bottled. The importance of safety and cleanliness is stressed in the dairy industry. Milk may also be condensed or evaporated, dried, powdered or separated into skim milk and cream - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Over 20 million people are employed in the coffee industry. They grow and sell enough coffee beans for 400,000,000 cups of coffee a year. Coffee is worth more money than any other industry in the world except oil. In Brazil alone, about 3,000,000 coffee plants are looked after every year.
The story has it – though no one really knows the truth – that coffee was discovered in the country known today as Ethiopia. A man called Kaldi who was looking after his goats noticed that his goats were very energetic after eating a certain kinds of berry. He decided to try the berries himself and found that they gave him a lot of energy. When some priests heard about this, they dried the berries then made them into a drink with water. Coffee was born! - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
It was in Turkey, however, that the coffee drink we know today was first made. Two Syrian businessmen brought the beans to Istanbul in 1555. The Turks heated the beans over a fire, crushed them and then boiled them in water. Coffee drinking became an important part of Turkish life, rather like the way tea did in Japan. Also, whereas in Western nations a man often chose a woman to be his wife because she was a good cook, in Turkey men often tested the coffee made by a woman before they thought seriously about marrying her - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Most people eat three meals a day – breakfast, lunch and dinner. Some eat a fourth meal, supper late at night. Its basic English tradition provides an extra light meal served in the late afternoon. Its basic menu usually includes tea and special tea cakes or cucumber sandwiches.
Meals vary in different countries. Breakfast in the U.S. may include fruit or fruit juice, coffee, toast, and a choice of cereal or bacon and eggs. Many persons like pancakes with maple syrup for breakfast. Continental Europeans sometimes have an early breakfast of rolls and coffee or hot chocolate, and eat a second breakfast later on in the morning - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Spring is here. The weather is getting better and it’s time to think about clothes!
This year, colours are brighter. Orange, yellow and red are more fashionable than dark colours. And the fashion this year is less casual and more formal than last year.
For boys, clothes are smarter. Jeans and trainers are ‘out’. Jackets, ties and shirts are ‘in’. Buy colourful shirts – polyester shirts are cheaper than cotton shirts. Ties are wide and very bright. Trousers are also wider this year and leather trousers are ‘in’ – they’re more expensive and less practical than jeans, but they’re trendier! T-shirts are OUT this year and earrings are worse.
For girls, this year is more colourful than last year. Bright cotton dresses and skirts are ‘in’. Skirts are longer and small leather boots are very fashionable. Sweatshirts are ‘in’ – they are bigger and more comfortable than jumpers. Jackets, white shirts and ties are also in. Buy red or yellow jackets to be really trendy. Jeans and short skirts are OUT this year! - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Before machines were invented, shoes like the ones we wear today took a long time to make. In 1846, Elias Howe made a strong sewing machine, and then, in 1858, Lyman Blake changed this machine so it could sew shoes. In 1875, Goodyear Welt made a new machine for making shoes quickly. It was called the Goodyear Welt sewing machine. With this machine Goodyear made cheap shoes from rubber. Nowadays we remember Goodyear because he has made other things with rubber.
Today, people wear shoes made from animal skins, cloth, rubber, and plastic. Shoes have come a long way from the first skin and leaf shoes – and with new machines, they will change a lot more - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Drying, salting, cold storage, freezing, bottling and canning are methods used to preserve vegetables and fruit. If foods are kept for a few days in the air, they spoil because of the action of yeasts, bacteria and other types of microorganisms. Food preserving methods destroy these organisms or prevent their re – entry or slow down their growth - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Confectionery industry has a long history. It starts with the discovery of honey. Chopped fruits and nuts mixed with honey was the first confectionery item in the world. When in the middle ages cane sugar was brought to Europe it was used for the production of sugar sweets - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Hogs are valued almost only as meat may be used in different ways.
There are two types of hog, namely the fat type and the bacon type.
The fat type of hog is more common in countries where corn is the principal hog feed.
Most of the fat-type hogs of the United States are grown in the great corn producing states. Bacon hogs cannot be produced in great numbers in such countries where the feed for the hog is more varied in character, and where the conditions are less favourable for producing the fat hog.
Generally speaking, the hog is an exceptionally economical producer of meat - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Fishermen or sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea. Though people have often laughed at stories told by seamen, it is now known that many of these ‘monsters’ are simply strange fish. Occasionally, unusual creatures are washed to the shore, but they are rarely caught at sea. Some time ago, however, a peculiar fish was caught near Madagascar. A small fishing –boat was carried miles out to sea by the powerful fish as it pulled on the line. Realising that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made every effort not to damage it in any way. When it was eventually brought to shore, it was found to be over 13 feet long. It had a head like a horse, big blue eyes, shining silver skin, and a bright red tail. The fish, which has since sent to a museum where it is being examined by a scientist, is called an oarfish. Such creatures have rarely been seen alive by a man as they live at a depth of six hundred feet - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
There are different stories about the beginning of Uncle Sam, but that one Congress officially recognized in 1961 is the story that follows.
Samuel Wilson was born in Arlington, Massachusetts in 1766. He fought in the Revolutionary War with his father and brothers. When the war was over, he moved to Troy, New York. He started a meatpacking business and was well-respected in the community. During the war of 1812, Sam Wilson supplied meat to the U.S. Army in barrels marked U.S. Then asked what the U.S. stood for, one of Wilson’s workers said, Uncle Sam Wilson, the meatpacker. The story gained popularity when it was printed. Soon many things labelled U.S. were being called Uncle Sam’s, not just meat!
After the war, Uncle Sam became the symbol of the nation. People drew him and dressed up like him. Uncle Sam is a U.S.’s symbol that is middle recognized all over the world - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Most Arab beekeepers look after their bees in the same way that Egyptian beekeepers looked after theirs almost 5,000 years ago. The earliest known record of Egyptian beekeeping dates the time of the Old Kingdom (about 2,500 BC). There is also a wall painting from the Middle Kingdom in a tomb at Luxor, painted in about 1,800 BC. This shows clearly a beekeeper taking honey from the back of a hive while his assistant blows smoke into it to make the bees move to the front.
Perhaps the main reason that there have been so few changes to the way people keep bees in Egypt is that beekeeping has always been a family industry with fathers passing the knowledge to their sons. The bees, too, have not changed and neither has what they eat, so there has been little need to change the way of caring for them or the way of removing the honeycombs from hives - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Shoes should be bought with the idea that they are made to protect and support the feet. They should be chosen for shape, fit and the quality of the material. Size is no guarantee that shoes will fit, and people should choose shoes that follow the shape of the foot. Only with properly fitting shoes will the wearer avoid the pain of having the small bones of the foot pushed out of place - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
By the 18th century century coffee had become an important part of European life as well. In England, in particular, the coffee houses of London became important meeting places for writers and men working in the government.
In some ways Turkish coffee is similar to the espresso coffee in Italy – it is dark and strong and drunk from small cups. However, it is made in a completely different way, and sometimes a spice called cardamom is added. Turkish coffee is served from a pot called a ‘cezve’. In the same way that in tea-drinking nations some people tell fortunes from looking at what is left of the coffee in the cup - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Probably since the time of the first humans, people have eaten honey made by bees. For many thousands of years, they took the honey from bees’ nests in trees without understanding very much about the lives of bees. Slowly, however, people realized that it would be simpler to keep bees than to have to try to find their nests. At first they kept them in hollow parts of trees or small clay containers which they hung from the trees. Nowadays in most countries they are kept in wooden hives - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Praying mantids are a type of insect. They live in many parts of the world, including the rainforests of South America and deserts of Africa. They eat small insects and spiders but some big mantids eat small frogs and birds. Some mantids eat other mantids. They start with the head first so that they cannot get away.
Mantids come in many different colours. Some of them are very beautiful. The flower mantids from Africa look like flowers. Insects land on them to get food but, instead, the mantids eat them! Mantids live for five or seven years - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
It was not until 1930 that people could keep food fresh for a long time. They did this by freezing it.
Clarence Birdeye was the first person to sell frozen food. He had watched fishermen catching fish in the coldest part of Canada. The fish came out of the water and frozen in the cold air. Months later, these frozen fish were still fresh, and the fishermen could cook and eat them. Mr. Birdeye started a freezing company with some friends. He put fresh vegetables into large boxes of water. Then he put the boxes in a large freezer.
At first the frozen foods did not sell very well. Many people did not have anywhere to keep them because they did not have fridges. Also the price was high. However, when more people had fridges, frozen foods become more popular and people did not have to pay so much for them. By 1933, there were 516 shops selling frozen foods - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Fresh red meats are refrigerated. Cured meats such as ham, bacon and sausage contain chemical preservatives (salt, nitrate, nitrite) but are, in addition, heat processed and stored under refrigeration. Fresh and cured meats are also canned. With severe heat processing a shelf – stable product is produced. In certain products stability is achieved in part through other processes: fermentation, drying, smoking and impregnation with vinegar - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The manufacture of meat products can be grouped as follows: cured and picked; cured and smoked; tenderized fresh; frozen and canned. The manufacture of meat products includes those processes which prepare the product for consumption and increase the stability, improve the texture, colour and appearance of various meat items - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Ice cream is the frozen product made from a combination of milk products (cream, butter, or milk – either whole or evaporated, condensed, skimmed, or dried) and two or more of the following ingredients: eggs, water and sugar with flavouring and colouring matter. In the manufacture of ice cream, freezing is accompanied by agitation of the ingredients to avoid crystallization and to incorporate air for proper texture - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Every country has its drinkable habits. Most countries also have a national drink. In England the national drink is beer, and the pub is a peculiarly English institution. At tables round of usually not very large room people will be sitting and in front of each person you will see a pint or half-pint mug of beer or fruit juice. This room is called the bar, but the same term is used for the great counter of polished wood dominates one end of the room. At their bar people will be standing again with a drink, either in their hand or on a beer-mat. From time to time they will make a sip – for Englishmen sip their drinks – and then put down the mug to continue conversation. There is a general atmosphere of warmth and cosiness. Comfort is essential, for here people do not drop in for a quick drink and go. They generally want to ‘make an evening of it,’ talking to friends or stranger, until closing time - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
A department store is a store which sells many different kinds of goods, each in a separate department. Modern department stores serve the needs of entire families. People enjoy shopping in such stores because they can make all their purchases under one roof.
The typical department store occupies one large building, with separate departments located on a number of floors. A number provide special services, such as a travel agency or optician’s.
Different stores employ hundreds of people for different jobs. Employees buy, price, and sell the goods. The sales promotion manager and his staff promote the sale of merchandise through advertising and other techniques. The comptroller heads the section that keeps records and manages the store’s financial affairs. The personnel staff hires employees and handles other employment problems - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
When the first men and women had to travel over cold ground, hot deserts, and hard stones, they covered their feet with animal skins and leaves. They cut the skins and leaves and then sewed them together. Then they tied grass and skins around their feet to keep the shoes in place.
Later, people who lived in hot countries made sandals to keep their feet clean and cool. There were many different kinds of sandals. Poor people wore very cheap ones but rich people sometimes put jewels in theirs. In cold countries people wore shoes made out of sheepskin. Today, many people still wear sheepskins shoes because they are so warm - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
In 2000, there were large numbers of new products in Britain, e.g. foreign food (pizza, pasta, Indian food), and exotic fruits and vegetables, e.g. kiwi, ice cream was very uncommon in 1900, and there were no burgers, Coca Cola, yoghurt or olive oil. In 1900, food and health in Britain were bad – people lived on a diet of tea and bread. Malnutrition was common and there was terrible disease and infant mortality. The average height for men to go in the army was 1.50m. In 2000, health problems such as obesity and heart disease were caused by eating too much food and fat - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
There are different stories about the beginning of Uncle Sam, but that one Congress officially recognized in 1961 is the story that follows.
Samuel Wilson was born in Arlington, Massachusetts in 1766. He fought in the Revolutionary War with his father and brothers. When the war was over, he moved to Troy, New York. He started a meatpacking business and was well-respected in the community. During the war of 1812, Sam Wilson supplied meat to the U.S. Army in barrels marked U.S. Then asked what the U.S. stood for, one of Wilson’s workers said, Uncle Sam Wilson, the meatpacker. The story gained popularity when it was printed. Soon many things labelled U.S. were being called Uncle Sam’s, not just meat!
After the war, Uncle Sam became the symbol of the nation. People drew him and dressed up like him. Uncle Sam is a U.S.’s symbol that is middle recognized all over the world - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Probably since the time of the first humans, people have eaten honey made by bees. For many thousands of years, they took the honey from bees’ nests in trees without understanding very much about the lives of bees. Slowly, however, people realized that it would be simpler to keep bees than to have to try to find their nests. At first they kept them in hollow parts of trees or small clay containers which they hung from the trees. Nowadays in most countries they are kept in wooden hives - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Before machines were invented, shoes like the ones we wear today took a long time to make. In 1846, Elias Howe made a strong sewing machine, and then, in 1858, Lyman Blake changed this machine so it could sew shoes. In 1875, Goodyear Welt made a new machine for making shoes quickly. It was called the Goodyear Welt sewing machine. With this machine Goodyear made cheap shoes from rubber. Nowadays we remember Goodyear because he has made other things with rubber.
Today, people wear shoes made from animal skins, cloth, rubber, and plastic. Shoes have come a long way from the first skin and leaf shoes – and with new machines, they will change a lot more