Тема Чтение текстов с извлечением полной информации (Техника и естествознание)
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Automation is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled 1_______. The most familiar example of a highly automated 2_______ is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products.
The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can 3_______ independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and 4_______ than could be done by people - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
This is the widest field of engineering, concerned with systems and devices that use 1_______ power and signals. Among the most 2_______ subjects in the field are electric power and machinery, electronic circuits, control systems, computer design, superconductors, solid-state electronics, robotics, lasers, 3_______, consumer electronics, and fibre optics.
Electrical engineering can be divided into four 4_______ branches: electric power and machinery, electronics, communications and control, and computers - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how machines can be operated most efficiency by 1_______. This is called ergonomics. The aim of 2_______ is to make the working place more comfortable and the work easier. A small change in the location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to other machines or 3_______, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. Ergonomics looks for criteria for the efficient design of large, complicated control panels that monitor 4_______ reactor operation - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Everyone knows that tea is the most popular drink in Britain. It’s even more popular than 1_______, which is favoured throughout Europe and America. The Dutch brought the first tea to Europe in 1610. But it was not until 1658 that the first 2_______ for tea appeared in a London newspaper. At that time a pound of the cheapest tea cost about one-third of a skilled worker’s weekly 3_______. Tea was guarded by the lady of the house and kept in special containers, often with a lock and carefully doled out by the teaspoon. By 1750 tea had become the principal 4_______ of all the classes in Britain. Later, tea-drinking developed into a fashionable social ritual. Tea parties were popular at home and soon the ritual of “afternoon tea” was firmly established - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Most people describe water as a 1_______ liquid. They know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid called 2_______, and heated on a fire becomes a vapour called steam. But water, they say, is a liquid. Now we know that water consists of molecules composed of two 3_______ of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O. This is equally true of the solid called the ice and the gas called steam. Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, and the solid, all made up of 4_______ with the formula H2O - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
The two substantial meals of the day are lunch and dinner. 1_______ is usually taken at one o’clock. For many people lunch is a quick meal. Office 2_______ usually go to a café at this time. They take fish, poultry or cold meat (beef, mutton, veal and ham), boiled or fried potatoes and all sorts of salad. They may have 3_______ or steak and chips followed by biscuits and a cup of coffee. Some people like a glass of light 4_______ with lunch. Pubs also serve good, cheap food. School children can have a hot meal at school. Some of them just bring a snack from home - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
In the morning Americans have 1_______ or scrambled eggs, milk or orange juice.
Chicken or fish, fried potatoes, vegetable salads, and desert: this is the most common 2_______ for lunch.
Dinner is probably the most important meal of the day, some people have 3_______ dinner, when all members of family have to be there. For dinner Americans usually have meat, fried or baked potatoes with ketchup or sour cream, corn, peas, sometimes macaroni and cheese or spaghetti; ice-cream, fruit or cake may be for desert. Turkey, ham and apple pie are traditional for Christmas and 4_______ dinners - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Americans eat a lot. They have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner.
Most of Americans don’t eat at home but prefer to go to restaurants. They can choose from many kind of 1_______. There is a great number of 2_______ restaurants in the USA. Italian, Chinese and Mexican food is very popular. An American institution is the fast food restaurant, which is very 3_______ but not very healthy.
However there are some principles of American cuisine.
Americans drink a lot of 4_______ and soda; eat a lot of meat, fruits and vegetables, not much bread - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
The electrical system in a car can have either a positive or a negative 1_______. In both systems, the battery leads and terminals must be connected 2_______.
In a car with a positive earth, the positive terminal must be connected to the car body. The negative terminal must be connected to the electrical 3_______.
In a car with a negative earth, the positive terminal must be connected to the electrical system. The negative terminal must be connected to the 4_______ body - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
There are uncountable combinations of atoms. For example, 4 carbon atoms combine with 10 1_______ atoms to make up a butane molecule. A glucose molecule is made from 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen 2_______. Cellulose, the principal molecule in the plant cell walls and also in wood, paper, 3_______, and many other materials, is a chain that can include up to 12,000 glucose molecules. A sugar molecule is made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms grouped in specific positions. When these same atoms are grouped in different positions they can form alcohol or starch. The different proportions and positions of the atoms produce the 4_______ forms of matter - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Scientists have recently come to believe that 1_______ in solutions and liquid mixtures behave very much as they behave in gases, 2_______, and solids. For instance, when two substances, such as sugar and water, are combined by dissolving, the particles of the solvent divide the particles of the solute, and the two kinds of particles then 3_______ freely. This is a 4_______ solution - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Robert Stephenson, the son of George Stephenson was a British 1_______ engineer. He is mostly well-known for the construction of several notable 2_______.
He was born in 1803. He was educated in Newcastle and at the University of Edinburgh. In 1829 he assisted his father in 3_______ a locomotive known as the Rocket, and four years later he was appointed construction engineer of the Birmingham and London 4_______, completed in 1838.
Stephenson built several famous bridges, including the Victoria Bridge in England, the Britannia Bridge in Wales, two bridges across the Nile in Egypt and the Victoria Bridge in Montreal, Canada - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
The story of the 1_______ of electricity is connected with the name of Thales, the Greek philosopher. The story goes that one day Thales rubbed a piece of amber against his sleeve and found to his great surprise that it 2_______ small bits of dried leaves. After further experimenting he concluded that this attractive 3_______ was a property that amber alone possessed. He called this characteristic “electricity” because the Greek word for amber was 4_______ - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
What is a crystal? A crystal is a 1_______ solid made by a natural process. Many substances absorb water from solutions when they crystallize; that is, they unite chemically with a definite proportion of 2_______. The water with which any substance unites during the process of crystallization is called the water of crystallization.
Certain 3_______ substances, for example, washing soda, give up their water of crystallization when they are exposed air; they are then reduced to 4_______. Substances that have this property are called efflorescent, and the process is called efflorescence - Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Dinner time is generally between six and eight p.m. The evening meal is the biggest and the main meal of the day. Very often the whole family eats 1_______. They begin with 2_______, followed by fish, roast chicken, potatoes and vegetables, fruit and coffee.
On Sundays many families have 3_______ lunch consisting of roast chicken, lamb or beef with salads, vegetables and gravy.
The British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries, for example, French, Italian and Chinese food. Modern people are so busy that they do not have a lot of time for cooking 4_______. So, the British buy the food at the restaurant and bring it home already prepared to eat