Тема Чтение текстов с полным пониманием и выстраиванием логической последовательности
- Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
This is a workshop. 1_______. Many tools are on the toolboard. 2_______. A safety-notice is above the toolboard. 3_______. There are many nuts, nails, screws on the shelf. 4_______. A hammer is not on the shelf, it is on the bench. A switch is between the bench and the shelf - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст
There are about 53,500 farms in this country. Most of the farms are small. 1___________. All the work on the farm is done by the farmer and his family.
2___________. In the East most farmers grow different farm crops. In the West climate is good for the production of farm animals. There are many farms where farmers grow some crops and some animals. 3___________.
Now the work on the farms is highly mechanized. 4___________ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Cement is the most important component of concrete. 1_______. Concrete may be considered an artificial conglomerate of “crushed stone, gravel or similar inert material with a mortar”. A mortar is a mixture of sand, screenings or similar inert particles with cement and water. 2_______. The most accurate method of measuring proportions is to weigh the required quantities of each material. This may be done whether the proportions are based upon volumes or weights. 3_______. It is also widely used in large building constructions. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Large Law firms are typically characterized as firms with fifty or more lawyers. 1_______:
– the firm usually has the resources to handle legal matters for public companies, governments 2_______;
– lawyers have high levels of expertise and have been educated at the most prestigious law schools;
– you are a strong opponent if 3_______;
– almost all large firms have offices in metropolitan areas. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. Early man probably got the idea of a bridge from a tree fallen across a stream. 2_______. Timber beams were embedded into the banks on each side of the river with their ends extending over the water. These made simple supports for a central beam reaching across from one bracket to the other. 3_______. A simple bridge on the suspension principle was made by early man by means of ropes, and is still used in countries such as Tibet. Two parallel ropes suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river, with a platform of woven mats laid across them, made a secure crossing. 4_______. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas of Peru used suspension bridges made of six strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two served as rails - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Engineering is a very practical activity. It is the process of applying the latest achievements of science and technology into practice.
1_______. Mechanical engineers are experts in the design and manufacture of tools and machines. 2_______.
Electrical engineering deals with producing and applying electricity in various fields of national economy. 3_______.
Components and equipment for computing and communicating are the products of electronic engineering. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
New developments of architects are known today. 1_______. Young architects from the architectural department of the Rhode Island School of Design have designed tomorrow’s houses. 2_______. The system is based on cast plastic bubbles linked together. It permits the creation of almost any size and shape of such a house. 3_______. This house has features associating more and more with modern living. 4_______. At the same time it also tends to add outdoor space to the indoors and increases the feeling of speciousness - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
The first scientist to study colour was Sir Isaac Newton. 1_______. Newton was the first person to divide white light into different colours.
In 1861 another English scientist, James Clerk Maxwell, showed that he could make other colours by mixing the primary colours – red, blue and yellow – in different ways. 2_______. We make secondary colours by mixing two primary colours together. For example, red and yellow become orange, yellow and blue become green, and blue and red become violet. We make tertiary colour by mixing one primary colour with one secondary colour.
We can make a room look bigger or smaller, hotter or colder by using colour. 3_______. They can also make a room look bigger. Red, orange and yellow are hot colours. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Wells
Look at the three types of wells in FIG.1. 1_______. It consists of a pipe, a point and a pump. You hammer the pipe into the ground until the point is below water level. The pipe is usually less than 10 mm wide and less than 20 m long. 2_______.
Well B is the cheapest because it has no pump. It uses a bucket and rope. The hole is usually more than 1 m wide. Well B is usually about the same depth as Well A.
3_______. The hole is usually less than 0.3 m wide, and the pipe has the same width as the one in Well A. The depth is usually more than 20 m. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст
The Great Wall of China was built across northern China to protect the population. 1___________. The work was done by enormous gangs of forced labourers and many of them died doing the work. The wall is over 2000 km long, 3.5m high, and 4.5m wide at the top.2___________.
3___________. The stone structures were usually tombs for pharaohs. The pyramids have square bases with sloping sides which meet at an apex. The first pyramid was built in about 2600 BC and is over 140m high.4___________. It is estimated that 20-25,000 people worked for 20 years to build each pyramid - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. The president nominates the highest state officials and governors. 2_______. Russia’s bicameral parliament, the Federal Assembly consists of an upper house known as the Federation Council whose delegates are appointed by executive and legislative bodies of federal subjects, and a lower house known as the State Duma. 3_______. The Russian Federation consists of 88 different federal subjects. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Nowadays suspended ceilings have become a very popular and economical feature in many types of buildings. 1_______. Many of them install and maintain complex mechanical and electrical installations above the ceiling. These installations include air conditioning ducts, water and waste piping and electrical and communications wiring. 2_______. All these ducts and pipes occupy a considerable space in the building. In some of them they may be equal to the amount of their living space.
3_______. Lighting fixtures, loudspeakers, and fire detection devices may also be installed into a ceiling. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. Huge reinforced concrete units manufactured in heated factory premises are brought to the site which becomes something like an assembly shop. 2_______. First of all it cuts the labour needed for building by 60 to 70% and extends the building season what is very important for countries where winter lasts for many months. 3_______. All this makes the building process less expensive and much less labourous.
4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
The traditional frame material for windows is wood. 1_______. Wood is known to be a good thermal insulator and is extremely workable. It is easily turned into sashes.2_______. That is why wood elements require repainting every few years. 3_______. Besides, it requires no periodic repainting. 4_______. Aluminum also has its disadvantages. It is known to conduct heat so well that very soon condensation will form and even frost on interior window frame surface during cold winter weather - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. The aggregate is both coarse (e.g. stones and gravel) and fine (e.g. sand).2_______.
1) Put two shovelfuls of sand into a wheel-barrow.
2) Add a shovelful of cement.
3) Mix these thoroughly with a shovel.
4) Add four shovelfuls of gravel. Mix thoroughly.
5) 3_______. Add a little water with a hose. CAUTION: Do not add all of the water – only a little.
6) Mix the materials thoroughly.
7) 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст
There are three main sources of food for man. 1___________. Of these, crops make up about 75% of the world’s food production, 23% is contributed by livestock and only 2% of food comes from fish.
Many foods are obtained from farm animals. 2___________. Milk is often called the nature’s most important food.
3___________. The animals most often used for this purpose are beef cattle, hogs, sheep, and poultry. 4___________. How do we call meat from hogs? From mature beef cattle? From young beef cattle - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Victor is twenty-five and he already works at this restaurant for three years He usually comes to work at ten o’clock in the morning. 1_______.He dusts his tables and chairs, changes table-cloths on the tables and the flowers in the vases. 2_______. He brings cruet-sets, napkins, menu-cards and puts clean covers-plates, glasses, spoons, forks and knifes on his tables. 3_______. Lunch begins at one o’clock. 4_______.The headwaiter meets them in the hall, greets them and shows them to their tables - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
I suppose all of us one time or another in our childhood had a hobby of some kind – collecting stamps, coins, football cards, and so on. As we got older our interests may have turned to sports of one kind or another. 1_______. When he was little, he kept all the tickets of all the games he had been to, and stuck them in an album. 2_______. He had absolutely no interest in doing athletics or going cycling like his other friends. Even on a beautiful summer’s day, when the rest of us were outside doing some gardening, he would be indoors, watching a football match on TV or video. 3_______. I used to go diving too, but I haven’t got much time for it now. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. The President’s term of office is four years, together with the Vice-President, elected for the same term. 2_______. The Cabinet advises the President on many matters and is composed of the heads of ten executive departments: Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of Defense and others.
3_______. The Supreme Court may veto any law passed by the Congress if it contradicts the Constitution of the USA.
The USA is a federal union, and the President is the head of the federal government, which deals with international problems and national matters. But every state has its own constitution and state government headed by the congress and managing their local affairs. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные словосочетания в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
It was a bright sunny day and the start of the summer holidays. Father suggested going on a picnic. So, we quickly packed our things, jumped into the car and 1_______. We were enjoying our picnic. Suddenly, there was 2_______ and huge raindrops began to fall. We found shelter under nearby trees. “It’s not safe under these trees,” Mum said. “Let’s go back to the car.” A few seconds after we all started running. There was 3_______ behind us. I looked back at the trees. They were black and two of them were lying on the ground! We all got into the car shaking with fear. “I don’t believe it!” Dad gasped. “Those trees 4_______ just after we left them.” We all looked at each other in horror. What a lucky escape! - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
It was a bitterly cold, winter evening. Kate and Lucy were driving home. The girls have just spent a lovely weekend in the country. 1_______. Suddenly, they drove into dense fog. “Let’s try to carry on a bit. Remember that spooky story our friends told us about the ghost of the man who died in a car accident out here?”
Before long, they could hardly see where they were going. 2_______. They had driven headlong into a tree! Lucy spotted something in the distance. “Kate” she cried. “Look at the strange light over there in the fog! It’s getting closer! What if it’s the ghost!” both girls screamed and covered their eyes with their hands.
3_______. When they looked up, they saw a tall, kind-looking man carrying a torch. “Don’t be afraid!” he called through the window. “I was just out walking my dog. I saw that you had stopped and wondered what had happened.”
The man took out his mobile phone and called the garage for help. 4_______. The man was perfectly human! - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
This year my family went on a trip to Malaysia for three weeks. We visited all sorts of different places. The weather is normally between 35 and 45°C all day and night. 1_______. When you go to the poorest towns, you get lots of beggars on the streets who follow you about for ages in search of any spare money or food. 2_______. We went on river tours which took us through the floating markets where people came alongside you, standing on wooden boats selling merchandise, for cheap prices. On a snake farm I held a python snake. 3_______. We saw enough lizards, monkeys, crocodiles and snakes on the road or in the rivers. If one gets the chance to go there I would recommended them to jump at the chance. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Painting equipment
First, you need paint brushes. 1_______. Use the broad brush for broad flat areas such as walls. Use the narrow one for corners. 2_______.
Next you need a roller for painting flat surfaces smoothly. Use a long extension on the handle for reaching high places, such as ceilings. 3_______.
Next, you need a paint pot for holding the paint and the brush. Make sure that the mouth of the pot is wide enough for the widest brush, and that is small enough to carry.
Next, you need a stepladder for climbing up to the job, a scraper for scraping off old paint and paper from the walls, cloth for covering the furniture, and rags for cleaning paint off the floor.
4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст
There are lots of different types of engineering.1___________. The whole science of engineering can be broadly divided into three main areas:
- civil engineering (buildings, roads, etc.)
- mechanical engineering (machines, including tool-making)
- electrical engineering (electricity, lighting, etc.)
2___________. Civil engineering covers mining and bridge building, mechanical engineering covers aeronautical and automobile engineering, electrical engineering covers electricity generation and wiring.
Clearly there is a big difference between building a road and designing a computer system so the best advice for students is:
- think carefully about which area of engineering interests you most. 3___________.
- think about what sort of person you are. 4___________. Do you mind getting dirty? Do you want to work with other people or alone? If you like wearing high heels and beautiful clothes, you may not be happy on a building site.
When you have decided which area you are interested in and thought realistically about what sort of person you are, then you can decide what sort of engineer you want to be - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. Archaeologists believe that between 4000 and 2000 BC, the rivers of the Middle East overflowed their banks and endangered life everywhere, so that whole cities were lost. It was so powerful that it became a common subject for the ancient literature of the period. 2_______. If we simplify the legend, we find that all stories of the flood have a hero, who was warned of the coming flood by the gods. 3_______. The hero was not discouraged by this, he hurriedly built a boat to contain his family and one pair of all the animal species on earth. After some time, the flood ends and the hero and his family can enjoy the stability of a normal life.
4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. They can enroll at the local college in their neighbourhood, buy the books and within a few weeks they can be fluent in the language. 2_______. Language learners do not take into account that after a day’s work they might be exhausted and not be able to concentrate at evening classes. 3_______. Students can feel they have made some progress when they get over their shyness and can speak with more confidence in the presence their classmates or hold a conversation with each other. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
In the past fifty years American society has changed much. 1_______. The number of divorces increased. 2_______. They are not forced by economic, social or religious pressure to stay married.
3________. They often find that they have two jobs now: taking care of the house and children and working in the office.
4 ________. They know that this time is a period of change and face many difficulties, but perhaps the pioneer spirit which built the country will help Americans change, improve and adapt to the future - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст
1___________. The first way is soil erosion. 2___________. The second way is wastes of intensive keeping of livestock and poultry. These wastes pollute waterways. 3___________. And the last way of agricultural pollution of the environment is the use of different chemicals such as insecticides, herbicides and others. 4___________ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст
The Tay Bridge in Scotland was designed and built by Sir Thomas Bouch in the nineteenth century. 1___________. A train carrying 70 people was on the bridge at the time and all the people were killed.
2___________. One of the constructions was that the design and construction were based on quickly and cheaply it could be built; safety and strength were not thought about properly. 3___________ . Also, the design was based on experience rather than the more scientific and accurate calculations used today.
During the twentieth century engineers used computers to do a detailed structural analysis of the design used for the Tay Bridge. 4___________ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Building a road
1_______.
Then the ground is leveled. This is done by cutting the top layer until it is flat and level.
2_______. Finally the top layer is added. 3_______. If it is a blacktop road, layers of hot tarmacadam are poured onto the gravel and pressed down using rollers. The total layer of blacktop materials is approximately 300 mm thick. If it is a concrete road, the concrete is laid on top of the gravel. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. There is no condition which is so individual, so personal.
2_______. A child has had attacks of cough accompanied by breathlessness. When he recovers no one knows when the next attack will occur. 3_______. There are certain types of asthma. The allergic type is due to some biochemical substance foreign to the body which produces an attack of asthma.
Attacks of asthma may be due to different emotions so this gives one the possibility to consider asthma as psychoneurosis, determining its type as psychoneurologic.
4_______. Pneumonia, tonsillitis and other foci of infection in the body provide favourable conditions for the development of severe attacks of asthma - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
The word “menu“ means: the dishes served in this restaurant and the list of dishes and wines. 1_______. In popular restaurants there are one or two big menus on blackboards. The classical menu has more than twelve courses. 2_______. Appetizers can be cold. They stimulate the appetite and are served at the beginning of the meal.3_______.The main course is the most substantial course of the meal. 4_______. Dessert is the sweet course at the end of a meal or before coffee - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
The USA is a presidential republic. The legislative power of the USA is vested in the Congress of the USA. 1_______. It consists of two chambers – the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is made up of 100 members (2 from each state) elected for a term of 4 years. 2_______. To be elected a Senator, a person must be at least 30 years old, and have been a citizen of the USA for at least 9 years. 3_______. The number of representatives from each state depends on its population, but each state is represented. To be elected a representative, a person must be at least 25 years old, and have been a citizen of the USA for at least 7 years. 4_______. The presiding officer of the House of Representatives is the Speaker - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
The Eiffel Tower is one of Europe’s most famous buildings. 1_______. It is 300 metres tall and was built by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel for the Paris Universal Exposition in 1889.
Because the tower was such a tall building, Eiffel wanted to make it easy for people to get to the top. 2_______. Eiffel asked Elisha Otis to design a lift for the building.
3_______. Eiffel himself lived in the tower where he had his own apartment. Many kings and queens were happy to visit the tower during the opening and, of course, they visited Eiffel’s apartment. Although Eiffel designed the tower for people to visit, it was also used for scientific experiments. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. 1_______? Hardly so, because wood always contains some water which decreases its strength. 2_______. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is its strength and hardness.
Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. 3_______. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following – it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. Glass blowing was probably developed in the first century BC in Syria. 2_______.
The Roman Empire used glass more than any other ancient civilisation. 3_______. There were people, however, who regarded it as inferior to materials such as gold and silver. Gallenius, a Roman emperor, used to drink from a glass vessel because he believed that there was nothing less common than glass.
4_______. There was so much demand for Venetian glass in Europe that glassworkers of the island of Murano were forbidden to visit Venice or teach their secrets to outsiders - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст
Plants are highly important in everyday life of people. 1___________. The man of today wants to have better and higher-yielding crops which can produce more food of good quality. 2___________. Many animals grown by man feed on plants and produce food and raw materials which can be made into many useful things and products. Many animals grown by man feed on plants and produce food and raw materials used by man.
3___________. Some are grown for industry, and cotton is a typical industrial crop. Some are used in medicine.
4___________ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Boxes – that’s what a good deal of modern architecture reminds me of. 1_______. A man who lives in one of these boxes works in another big box, high up in the air. If he falls ill, he goes to another big box called a hospital.
I began this letter by saying that many modern buildings, especially the blocks of flats and business offices, were like big boxes. 2_______. An architect today has to be an engineer too. 3_______. They save plenty of unnecessary work. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
It is a well-known fact that every roof should have a covering. 1_______. The pitched roof is known to dry itself quickly of water. Therefore it can be covered with roofing materials consisting of small individual units. 2_______. These materials are widely used and popular as roofing coverings since they have a number of useful qualities. 3_______. Secondly, they are easy to repair since they are individual and small. 4_______. So if a pitched roof is manufactured of properly chosen material and is well installed, it looks beautiful and attractive - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. He has spent endless days under the hot Egyptian sun, patiently sifting through sand, rock and mud, looking for clues in the palace he is excavating. 2_______. The site is very impressive, covering over forty thousand acres and he has made some unexpected discoveries. 3_______. It has been widely assumed that the Egyptians used slave labour, as it was more economical but now appears that they used a combination of highly skilled and unskilled workers. 4_______ - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Concorde, the world’s fastest passenger plane, was developed by France and Britain together. 1_______. £1.5 billion was spent on developing Concorde and it was tested for over 5,000 hours, which makes it the most tested plane in history. 2_______. Concorde holds many world records, including the fastest crossing of the Atlantic from New York to London, which was achieved in 2 hours 45 seconds! Flying at twice the speed of sound means that flying time is reduced by half, which is why the Concorde flight between London and New York is used a lot by business people and film stars – you can leave Britain at 10.30 and arrive in New York an hour earlier! 3_______. But there are no plans to build any more. 4_______! - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст
1___________. You will learn the different types of engineering; you do not specialize in one area.
2___________. You need at least three GCSEs including Mathematics, Science, and Design and Technology.
You will learn:
- 3___________
- about engineering materials, Computer Assisted Design (CAD), engineering measurement
- key skills in information Technology
4___________.
You will spend some time in the classroom but most of your time will be spent doing practical tasks in the workshop, in the laboratory, or on computer screen - Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. During his observations of this particular plant V. A. Manassein discovered that many bacteria did not multiply and did not produce new ones in its presence. 2_______. He determined that it grew well only in such an environment which was provided with oxygen, that is it was aerobic. 3_______. The great significance of penicillium glaucum as a protective agent against bacterial infection was clearly determined.
4_______.
He observed the same phenomenon which had been described by V. A. Manassein a year before. Professor A. G. Polotebnov used penicillium glaucum in his practice treating wounds and some skin diseases