Тема Ознакомительное чтение с целью определения истинности утверждения
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The legal status of individuals is regulated by civil law - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Health control at airports is a preventive measure against bringing infectious diseases into a country - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The Series 5 evolved into the Series 6, 7 and then the Series 8 - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Ozone depletion is one of the outcomes of air pollution - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Long-term measurements in Norway allowed to assess changes in snow and ice over long periods of time - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The council-manager government system is a typically American phenomenon - Определите, является ли утверждение:
A mercury barograph is called a non-liquid barometer - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
The Business of Weddings
1. Though the odds may be barely in their favor, every couple who goes to the altar believes that they will make that trip only once in their lives. They want the day to be perfect, and they are asking for much more than good weather. They want the most beautiful clothes, the freshest flowers, the prettiest music, and the best food. No one, especially not the bride — nor her family who will foot the bill — is in any mood to economize.
2. A quick look at any bride magazine will reveal that plenty of attractive goods and services compete for a share of the wedding budget. Beside the obvious choices of rings, dresses, flowers, and photographs, there are the less apparent expenses: a lavish cake, a rehearsal dinner, a reception, music for both the ceremony and the reception, tips, and even napkins and matchbooks printed with the couple's names and the wedding date.
3. As the arrangements are generally complicated, there are plenty of services that can be hired to help with the planning and execution of the ceremony. There is also an amazing amount of free advice covering every aspect of the wedding: planning the photographs, selecting the wedding rings, choosing the flowers, picking the honeymoon spot, and so on. One magazine lists over 350 such pamphlets that can be had for the asking, published of course by businesses who have something to offer. Considering that weddings do more than 12 billion dollars worth of business annually in the U.S. alone, such activity isn't surprising.
4. What is surprising, is that no one company dominates the industry. It seems that when people plan for a day as special to them as a wedding, they resist standardization. They turn instead to the small local suppliers known to them or to their friends. Family members or friends often serve as photographers, caterers and musicians. This not only helps bring the wedding cost down, it makes it more personal. What about the couple that doesn't want to take part in this billion dollar industry? They can go to city hall and get married for less than the price of a hamburger.
(World English)
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Factors affecting growth
1. The genotype of a plant affects its growth, for example selected varieties of wheat grow rapidly, maturing within 110 days, whereas others, in the same environmental conditions, grow more slowly and mature within 155 days.
2. Growth is also determined by environmental factors, such as temperature, available water, available light, and available nutrients in the soil. Any change in the availability of these external conditions will be reflected in the plants growth.
3. Biotic factors are also capable of affecting plant growth. Plants compete with other plants for space, water, light and nutrients. Plants can be so crowded that no single individual produces normal growth. Optimal plant growth can be hampered by grazing animals, suboptimal soil composition, lack of mycorrhizal fungi, and attacks by insects or plant diseases, including those caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes.
4. Some plants may be organized according to their seasonal growth pattern: annual plants live and reproduce within one growing season, biennial plants live for two growing seasons and usually reproduce in second year, and perennial plants live for many growing seasons and continue to reproduce once they are mature. These designations often depend on climate and other environmental factors; plants that are annual in alpine or temperate regions can be biennial or perennial in warmer climates.
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Robotics is a sophisticated automation technology - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The reverberation time is a criterion of acoustic quality - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There are different types of camps - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Nanotechnology forms the basis for economic development of the UK - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Dirt-only fields did not function well in wet weather - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There are some advantages of written language over spoken language - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Mt. St. Helens had been inactive for two hundred years - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The "South China Sea" tradition combined two building materials - wood and iron - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Hostels can be situated only in large cities - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Logitech is the leader in the world mouse market, staying ahead of Microsoft - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There are encyclopaedias that contain video programs depicting chemical and biological processes in nature - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Conservation activities are always supported by research and education - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Human activities impoverish the land making it unsuitable for further exploitation - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The term “synoptic” has Greek roots - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Internal-combustion engines don’t receive their input energy from a natural source - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Botany
1. Botany is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants, algae and fungi, including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups. Today botanists study over 550,000 species of living organisms.
2. The study of plants is vital as they are a fundamental part of life on Earth, which generates oxygen, food, fibres, fuel and medicine that allow humans and other life forms to exist. Through photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that in large amounts can affect global climate. Additionally, plants allow us to produce food to feed an expanding population, produce medicine and materials, understand environmental changes more clearly.
3. Virtually all foods eaten come from plants, either directly from staple foods and other fruit and vegetables, or indirectly through livestock or other animals, which rely on plants for their nutrition. Plants are the fundamental base of nearly all food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be consumed and utilized by animals.
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Hydrology issues are always in the scope of a landscape scientist - Определите, является ли утверждение:
In the foreseeable future semiconductors will be the key elements in most electronic systems - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Some mineral deposits are considered to be formed by the activity of organisms - Определите, является ли утверждение:
New techniques are being used in offset printing, including chemical and digital techniques, which speeds up the process - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There are more than a thousand safety standards concerned with occupational safety - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Some theories of perceiving are developed on the basis of conclusions made by psychologists - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The development of technology dates back to ancient times - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Aesthetics was recognized as a science since the Renaissance - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Cheddar cheese is very popular in the United States and Canada - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Dynamic meteorology research is based on the mathematical models - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Medical officers can use arms if their patients are being attacked - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The codex was a great innovation if compared with the roll - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There must be exit signs in each building - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Microwaves
1. Microwaves are a form of radiant energy. Other common forms are radio waves, visible light, infrared heat and electricity. All forms of radiant energy are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. To distinguish between the forms, they are classified according to the wave length which may vary from miles to thousandths of an inch.
2. Microwaves are located in the non-ionizing portion of the energy spectrum between radio waves and visible light. The first application of microwaves was in radar during World War II. Today microwaves are widely used in communication systems, radar and many other commercial and industrial applications.
3. Significantly large segments of the population are exposed to infrared rays, visible light waves and microwaves every day. One characteristic of microwaves is their ability to bounce or deflect off metal surfaces, a characteristic basic to its use in radar. Another is its thermal or heating effect utilized in microwave cooking.
4. The difference between microwave energy and other forms of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays, is that microwave energy is non-ionizing. In other words, it does not alter the molecular structure of the item being heated. The effects of microwave energy are strictly thermal and do not cause cellular change as with ionizing radiation.
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ASSEMBLY LINE
1. An assembly line is industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of workpieces in mass-production operations. It is designed by determining the sequences of operations for manufacture of each product component as well as the final product. Each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible. Work assignments, numbers of machines, and production rates are programmed so that all operations performed along the line are compatible.
2. An automotive assembly line starts with a bare chassis; components are attached successively as the growing assemblage moves along a conveyor. Parts are matched into subassemblies on feeder lines that intersect the main line to deliver body parts, engines, and other assemblies. As the units move past, each worker along the line performs a specific function. Each part and tool is delivered to its point of use in synchronisation with the line. A number of different assemblies are on the line simultaneously, but an intricate system of scheduling and control ensures that the appropriate body type and colour, trim, engine, and optional equipment arrive together to make the desired combinations.
3. Automated assembly lines consist entirely of machines run by machines. In such continuous-process industries as petroleum refining and chemical manufacture and in many modern automobile-engine plants, assembly lines are completely mechanised and consist almost entirely of automatic, self-regulating equipment.
4. Most products, however, are still assembled by hand because many component parts are not easily handled by a simple mechanism. The number of products automatically assembled is steadily increasing but at a low rate because a product must be designed for automatic assembly and must be accurately and consistently manufactured. Expensive and somewhat inflexible, automatic assembly machines are economical only if run at very high outputs. However, the development of versatile automatic machinery and industrial robots is increasing the flexibility of fully automated assembly operations.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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Automatic assembly lines are economical only if run at a very high speeds - Определите, является ли утверждение:
New military bridging technology excites great interest - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There is just one geyser in the Yellowstone National Park - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Marie Tussaud made some wax figures herself - Определите, является ли утверждение:
A city-manager is elected by direct voting of the local residents - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Nanotechnology
1. Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.
2. Molecular nanotechnology describes engineered nanosystems operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis.
3. In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as all one has to position atoms are other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo Montemagno, is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Yet another view, put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that mechanosynthesis is impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.
4. There has been much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics and energy production.
On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios.
(Encyclopedia Wikipedia)
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Wild birds in urban gardens are natural environment - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Mr Howarth did not realise his mistake at first because there were other cars travelling in the same direction - Определите, является ли утверждение:
When Mt. St. Helens exploded; the earth cracked and formed a new valley - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Roots provide the steadiness of a tree preventing it from falling down - Определите, является ли утверждение:
People spend a lot of their time interacting with their workmates