Тема Ознакомительное чтение с целью определения истинности утверждения
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If the locations of transmitters are known one can use the DF as a navigational aid - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The expansion of the sea bed played a significant role in the creation of Red Rock canyon - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The office of attorney general is typical for every country - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Rituals are ones of the basic elements of any religion - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Technological advances make hospital running more expensive - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Charter schools of the USA
1. Charter schools are public schools that are independent of any local school district. National surveys of charter school have found high levels of satisfaction among parents, pupils and teachers associated with then. Charter schools were especially well received by poor and minority families.
2. Charter school is a movement toward school reform that focuses on improving education, pupil autonomy and choice. A charter school may be a separate school with separate funding, or it can be a school within a school. Typically, most new charter schools around the country are small.
3. The quality is measured by test scores. If the quality is good, the schools enjoy success. If it is not good, they'll fail and lose their financing – this is a powerful motive to offer a high-quality program. Charter schools are usually formed by a group of teachers, parents, and/or community leaders who want to make contributions to education reform.
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Sculpture is the most popular public art - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The AMX 10RC is a vessel - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The essence of theft is stealing more than a specified sum of money - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Insecticides were used in the forest reservoirs to bring yellow fever under control - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The modern definition of art is connected with skills or knowledge needed to produce anything - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The Model 336 Cowboy is ideal for getting bears - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Digital electronics
1. Computers understand only two numbers, 0 and 1, and do all their arithmetic operations in this binary mode. Many electrical and electronic devices have two states: they are either off or on. Because computers have been a major application for integrated circuits from their beginning, digital integrated circuits have become commonplace. It has thus become easy to design electronic systems that use digital language to control their functions and to communicate with other systems.
2. A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream of digital signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected. An example is the sound from a phonograph record, which always contains some extraneous sound from the surface of the recording groove even when the record is new. Contrast this with the sound from a digital compact disc recording. The disc and the player contain error-correcting features that remove any incorrect pulses (perhaps arising from dust on the disc) from the information as it is read from the disc.
3. As electronic systems become more complex, it is essential that errors produced by noise be removed; otherwise, the systems may malfunction. Many electronic systems are required to operate in electrically noisy environments, such as in an automobile. The only practical way to assure immunity from noise is to make such a system operate digitally.
4. Any electrical system generates some noise, and all electronic systems are to some degree susceptible to disturbance from noise. The noise may be conducted along wires connected to the system, or it may be radiated through the air. Care is necessary in the design of systems to limit the amount of noise that is generated and to shield the system properly to protect it from external noise sources.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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The country wins its position on the world market due to the quality of higher education - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Specialized Accounting
1. Accounting and Bookkeeping is the process of identifying, measuring, recording, and communicating economic information about an organization or other entity. Bookkeeping is the record-keeping aspect of accounting. Accounting principles are applied in the preparation of financial statements and other financial information. Of the various specialized areas of accounting that exist, the three most important are auditing, income taxation, and accounting for non-business organizations.
2. Auditing is the examination, by an independent accountant, of the financial data, accounting records, business documents, and other documents of an organization in order to attest to the accuracy of its financial statements. Large private and public enterprises also maintain an internal audit staff to conduct examinations concerned with operating efficiency and managerial effectiveness.
3. Income taxation is the second specialized area of accounting. Preparing an income tax form consists of collecting information and presenting data in a certain order; therefore, both individuals and businesses frequently hire accountants to determine their taxes.
4. Accounting for non-business organizations, such as universities, hospitals, churches, trade and professional associations is the third area of specialization. These organizations differ from business enterprises in that they do not have a profit orientation, and they have no defined ownership interests. As a result, these organizations have differences in record keeping, in accounting measurements, and in the format of their financial statements.
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In the 20th century the main way of broadcasting was AM broadcasting - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The research of genetic diseases is used animals as models - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Amateur radio became popular at the beginning of the 20th century - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Metabolism
1. Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories. Catabolism breaks down organic matter, for example to harvest energy in cellular respiration. Anabolism uses energy to construct components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids.
2. The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. As enzymes act as catalysts they allow these reactions to proceed quickly and efficiently. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or signals from other cells.
3. The metabolism of an organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which it will find poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.
4. A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacteria Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and being retained because of their efficacy.
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Profession d'ingénieur aujourd'hui
1. La profession d'ingénieur est issue de deux importants courants européens des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles: la révolution industrielle et la fiabilité croissante de la science. À mesure que la production industrielle des usines surpasse celle des artisans et des hommes de métier, le champ d'activité de l'ingénierie et la demande de personnes qualifiées en ingénierie augmentent grandement. La science devient le principal moyen du progrès technique, permettant aux ingénieurs de prédire le comportement des matériaux et des forces physiques avec une précision croissante.
2. Durant cette période, des écoles d'ingénierie naissent dans le monde entier; les disciplines spécialisées de l'ingénierie commencent à se développer et préparent le terrain à l'explosion des connaissances techniques du XXe siècle.On estime maintenant que le volume des connaissances scientifiques et techniques double tous les 20 ans ou moins.
3. Comme plus personne ne peut posséder toutes les connaissances propres à un domaine particulier, l'ingénieur d'aujourd'hui travaille le plus souvent au sein d'une équipe technique comprenant des scientifiques, des technologues, des techniciens et d'autres spécialistes.
4. Donc, en plus d'avoir une formation en mathématiques, en physique, en analyse de systèmes, en chimie et dans d'autres sciences requises par leur discipline particulière, les ingénieurs doivent acquérir des talents de communicateurs pour travailler efficacement en équipe. Comme leur travail nécessite des compromis entre les exigences économiques, de performances, de compatibilité avec des systèmes existants, environnementales et d'autres facteurs, les ingénieurs doivent aussi avoir un bon jugement, être créatifs et fins diplomates pour mieux utiliser les matériaux et les ressources limitées, tant énergétiques qu'humaines.
Bien que le rythme rapide de l'avancement technique génère de nouveaux champs de spécialisation en ingénierie, la plupart de ceux-ci sont liés au moins à l'une des branches principales, qui comprennent le génie agricole, le génie chimique, le génie civil, le génie électrique, le génie méchanique, le génie minier et l' arpentage ainsi que les champs brièvement abordés ci-dessous.
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com
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History of robotics
1. The concept of robots dates back to ancient times, when some myths told of mechanical beings brought to life. Such automata also appeared in the clockwork figures of medieval churches, and in the 18th century some clockmakers gained fame for the clever mechanical figures that they constructed. Today the term automaton is usually applied to these handcrafted, mechanical (rather than electromechanical) devices that imitate the motions of living creatures. Some of the «robots» used in advertising and entertainment are actually automata, even with the addition of remote radio control.
2. The term robot itself is derived from the Czech word «robota», meaning «compulsory labour». It was first used by the Czech novelist and playwright Karel Chapek to describe a mechanical device that looks like a human but lacking human sensibility, being able of performing only automatic, mechanical operations. Robots as they are known today do not only imitate human or other living forms. True robots did not become possible, however, until the invention of the computer in the 1940s and the miniaturization of computer parts. One of the first true robots was an experimental model designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s. It was capable of arranging blocks into stacks through the use of a television camera as a visual sensor, processing this information in a small computer.
3. Computers today are equipped with microprocessors that can handle the data being fed to them by various sensors of the surrounding environment. Making use of the principle of feedback, robots can change their operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment. The commercial use of robots is spreading, with the increasing automation of factories, and they have become essential to many laboratory procedures. Japan is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology. Nowadays robots continue to expand their applications.
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W.Carrie was a pioneer in the field of air-conditioning - Определите, является ли утверждение:
With the rapid increase of car-owners public transport was acquiring the greater significance - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Calibration services are always the one hundred percent perfect way to increase the quality of various devices - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Both technical and program considerations are important in creating national map series - Определите, является ли утверждение:
We can redefine consciousness as merely selective attention - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Computers are widely used in every day life of the modern society - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Criminal courts
1. Both criminal and civil courts in England and Wales primarily hear evidence and aim to determine what exactly happened in a case. Broadly speaking, the lower courts decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law. About 95% of all criminal eases in England and Wales are tried in the Magistrates’ Courts which deal with petty crimes, that is, less serious ones. In certain circumstances the court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either by way of a fine or imprisonment.
2. Except in cases of homicide, children under 14 and young persons – that is, minors between 14 and 17 years of age – must always be tried summarily, meaning without a jury, by a Youth Court. A Youth Court is a branch of the Magistrates' Court. Indictable offences, that is, more serious ones such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and murder, are reserved for trial in the Crown Court. In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime.
3. In England and Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime she or he is charged with. The Crown Court may hear cases in circuit areas. From the Crown Court, appeal against conviction or sentence lies to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. If leave to appeal is granted by that court, cases may go on appeal to the House of Lords.
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British Architecture in the Period of Ancient History
1. An Alpine race came to the British Isles about 1700 B.C. A characteristic monument of this civilization, primordially rude and primordially majestic, is the so-called Stonehenge, a sanctuary erected on Salisbury Plain about 1100 B.C. or some-what earlier. During the invasion of Celts tribes fortresses were built on hilltops, towns began to appear in the wealthier south-east, though they were at first no more than large groups of wattle-and-clay houses enriched by a sort of fortificated fence. The invasion by the Romans brought the country into contact with the Roman civilization. Major systems of fortifications were constructed as a defense.
2. Then came the occupation of the country by Anglo-Saxon tribes. The Anglo-Saxon had no big cities, only scattered villages and townships, that is, arrangements of the lord’s house with the wattle-and-mud huts of the villagers grouped round it. The huts were primitive affairs, of wood and clay with no chimney over the open hearth but a hole in the roof to let the smoke out and to let the light in. The hearth was usually nothing more complicated than just a large flat stone in the middle of the earthen floor.
3. The lord’s house had a large yard where much of the housekeeping work was done with lots of auxiliary buildings like sheds and barns and the like inside it. It was protected by a stout fence supplemented by a sort of circular fortification, or mound. The interior arrangements were characteristic: there was always a spacious hall where most of the family’s social life was spent, where the lord had his meals with his family and his guests. The light came through narrow holes in the walls covered with oiled linen.
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In the past gliders and balloons were used for military purposes - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Species are the key elements of biological classification - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Before using wood preservative chemicals it is necessary to get the information about them - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There are less obstacles to geothermal development in Alaska now - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There is very much in common between papyrus and paper - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The METIS-M retains all the advantages of guided weapons - Определите, является ли утверждение:
People with little technical knowledge can’t attach USB devices to a system - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
SAP – eine Weltfirma aus der Provinz
1. Die SAP (Systeme, Anwendungen, Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung) befindet sich in der kleinen Stadt Walldorf bei Heidelberg. Die Firma ist im Jahre 1972 gegründet. Sie hat etwa 7000 Software-Spezialisten und ist mit einem Jahresumsatz von 2,7 Milliarden Euro das fünftgrößte Softwarehaus der Welt. Die Produkte R/2 und R/3 z.B. ersparen einem Unternehmen Finanzbuchhaltung, Produktionssteuerung, Auftragsbearbeitung oder Controlling. Zusammen mit MICROSOFT hat SAP die offene Standardschnittstelle “Bapi” entwickelt. Mit Hilfe dieser Schnittstelle kann jeder Internet-Nutzer auf die nötigen Softwareanwendungen zugreifen.
2. Die SAP stellt hauptsächlich die deutschen Uniabsolventen ein. Fast 80 Prozent der Mitarbeiter haben studiert. Bewerber, die mit dem Unternehmen zusammen Diplomarbeibeiten geschrieben oder dort ein Praktikum absolviert haben, werden bevorzugt. Wer eingeladen wird, den erwarten mehrere Gespräche im Personalbereich. Wichtiges Kriterium: Paßt der Bewerber ins Team?
3. Mitarbeiter, die an besonders arbeitsintensiven Projekten teilnehmen, erhalten in der Regel eine Extraprämie. Gleichzeitig können die Mitarbeiter SAP-Aktien um 15 Prozent günstiger als der Börsenkurs kaufen.
4. Als Einstellungskriterium gilt auch: man muß bereit sein, immer neue Herausforderungen zu suchen und auch große Aufgaben nicht zu scheuen. SAP stellt am liebsten Absolventen frisch von der Uni ein.
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Welche Bewerber werden bei SAP besonders gern eingestellt - Определите, является ли утверждение:
How often a volcano erupts depends on the diameter of its crater - Определите, является ли утверждение:
All people in the world are literate - Определите, является ли утверждение:
It is more expensive to create a wired network than a wireless one - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There are three main types of sedimentary rocks, which are classified according to the origin, size and colour of their particles - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The KORNET system is light enough to be used as a portable system - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Radio Shack introduced its personal computer in the late 1970’s - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The young burglar¢s mother has an absolute and total control of her off-spring - Определите, является ли утверждение
Travelling by overnight train was different from travelling by suburban train in the 19th century - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Organ transplantation
1. Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the patient's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called autografts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts.
2. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed closely by the liver and then the heart. The cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, or brain dead. Tissue may be recovered from donors who are cardiac dead – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be «banked».
3. Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of transplant rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of immunosuppressant drugs.
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A lawyer always brings about the settlement of a case at a trial - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Naturally occurring underground heat found in the form of dry hot rocks or hot water is known as geothermal energy - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Macronutrients can regulate metabolic reactions - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Visa is the most necessary document for entering every foreign country