Тема Перевод текстов с извлечением основной информации (ознакомительное чтение)
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Scrub nurses who work in surgery are responsible for sterilizing equipment and ensuring that the operating environment is aseptic. Their pre-operative duties involve preparing patients for surgery by following site surgery protocols, getting information about allergies and compiling pathology results, and imaging. In the operating theatre they assist by anticipating what the surgeons are going to do next and watching over the patient, checking for complications. When patients leave the operating theatre, nurses monitor them very closely during the crucial post-operative recovery period - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Changes in the exchange rate can make a company more or less competitive. The exchange rate is the amount of one currency needed to buy another currency. For example, in 2002, one British pound bought about 200 Japanese yen, so the exchange rate was 1:200. If the exchange rate falls, exports become cheaper, so companies become more competitive. If the exchange rate rises, exports become more expensive, so companies become less competitive - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Ultra-violet rays are familiar to most people as the particular art of sunlight that is "health-giving".
The effect of the ultra-violet rays is to produce in the skin the vitamin that is important for the promotion of bone-growth.
The use of these rays in diagnosis is a powerful weapon of medicine.
One of the most valuable uses of ultra-violet rays in industry is the testing of the quality of certain goods - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
There are some institutions and policies in the world that foster international trade. If these institutions did not exist, many companies would not at all be able to go international. The U.S. government created the Export - Import Bank (Eximbank) in order to reduce unemployment in the country. Eximbank makes loans to U.S exporters and foreign buyers of U.S. imports if private financing is not available. A firm can also buy insurance from the Foreign Credit Insurance Association (FCIA) to cover political risk (such as expropriation and loss due to war). The exporter can also buy insurance coverage on credit sales to foreign customer - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Now let us turn to cathode-ray tubes (abbreviated CRT) that provide a visual representation of voltage and current waveforms. Cathode-ray tubes consist of three basic components: 1. the electron gun, 2. a deflection system, 3. a fluorescent screen. These essential parts of a cathode-ray tube are mounted inside a highly evacuated, funnel-shaped glass envelope the large end of which has the fluorescent screen coated upon the inside surface - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
International trade is when companies from one country sell their products or services in other countries. For example, the UK produces cars, machinery, oil and chemicals, which it exports to overseas markets. Other British exports include services like banking and travel. These earn foreign currency for the UK. Imports to the UK include cars, food, and electrical goods - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Agriculture in the United Kingdom accounts for less than 2 percent of the gross national product (GNP) and employs some 2 percent of the work force. Farming is highly mechanized, though farms are not extremely large, and is dominated by the raising of sheep and cattle. The United Kingdom is not agriculturally self-sufficient. Chief crops include barley, wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication.
The word “telecommunication” was adapted from the French word “telecommunication”. It is a compound of the Greek prefix tele-, meaning “far off”, and the Latin “communicare”, meaning “to share”. The French word “telecommunication” was coined in 1904 by French engineer and novelist Edouard Estaunie.
In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags, or heliograph. In modern times, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic transmitters such as the telephone, television, radio or computer. Early inventors in the field of telecommunication include Antonio Meucci, Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi and John Logie Baird. Telecommunication is an important part of the world economy and the telecommunication industry’s revenue has been placed at just under 3 percent of the gross world product - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Alternating current (a.c.) is converted into direct current by means of a rectifier.
A half-wave rectifier consists of a diode in series with a resistance. In order to put a rectifier into operation, a source of a.c. should be applied to it. When an a.c. source is applied the diode begins to conduct. The rectifier passes currents during positive half-cycles of the applied voltage. That is why it is called a half-wave rectifier. When the device operates direct current (d.c.) flows in the same direction. It is a pulsating current. Since pulsations should be eliminated, a filter is applied. Pulsations are eliminated by means of this filter - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Plate current is the flow of electrons from cathode to the plate and their return to the cathode through the external circuit. Plate current flows in a diode when the plate is made positive with respect to the cathode. No current flows when the plate is negative with respect to the cathode. This is called unidirectional conduction - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The nursing profession is both enjoyable and rewarding, however there are also negative aspects that have to be considered. Most importantly a life long commitment of very hard work is required. A nurse must be prepared to work for long hours, often under stressful conditions. You are encouraged to pursue a career in nursing if it interests you - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
An electroscope is a sensitive instrument for detecting small electric charges. It consists of a glass-jar closed with a stopper of insulting material in which is fitted a varnished glass-tube. A rod passes through the tube. At the top of the rod there is a metal ball or disc and at the bottom of the rod two pieces of gold leaf are suspended. When a charge is brought near the electroscope, a charge of opposite sign is induced on the metal ball, and a charge of the same sign appears on the two of the gold leaves. Since, the two pieces of gold leaf now have charges of like sign they repel each other - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
By applying a potential difference (voltage) from a battery or other source between the plate and cathode of a diode, an electric field is established within the tube. The lines of force of this field always extend from the negatively charged element to the positively charged element. Electrons, being negative electric charges, follow the direction of the lines of force in an electric field - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The control grid was added between the cathode and plate of a diode and so it provided the resulting triode tube with the ability to amplify tiny signals. The control grid in this tube is a circular spiral of a number of turns of fine wire that completely surround the cathode. Because of its open construction the grid does not directly hinder the flow of electrons to the plate, but when a voltage is placed on the grid it has a profound effect on the electric field between cathode and plate and, hence, on the total electron flow - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Chief imports of Great Britain are: metallic ores, except iron ore, food. Chief exports are: china, automobiles and other vehicles, wooden goods, steel, electrical and mechanical machinery, tractors, scientific instruments, chemicals, petroleum - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Imports must be paid for in a currency that is acceptable to the seller. In order to facilitate these transactions, there is a market for the currencies of all trading nations. The selling price of one nation’s currency in terms of the currencies of other nations is known as its “exchange rate”. Exchange rates fluctuate in accordance with the laws of supply and demand - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Of the many types of tubes which are in use, the simplest is the diode.
This is a two-element tube which consists of an emitter of electrons (the cathode) and a collector of electrons (the plate or the anode).
The term diode refers to the number of electrodes within the tube. The main function of the two-element tube is as converter of power. By this we understand that by means of the diode the electric power can be converted. Alternating voltage is converted in the form of pulsating direct current (the convertion of a. c. power into d. с power). This is the process of rectification - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Sheep no longer play such an important part in British agriculture as they did in the past, when there was a steady export of wool to the continent of Europe. Nowadays they are in general numerous only on the land which is unsuitable for other types of farming. Although lamb production is the main source of income for sheep farmers, wool is also important - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Materials having a very high resistance are called insulators. Current passes through insulators with great difficulty.
The most common insulators are air, paper, rubber, plastics.
Any insulator can conduct current when a high enough voltage is applied to it. Currents of great value must be applied to insulators in order to make them conduct. The higher the resistance of an insulator, the greater the applied voltage must be.
When an insulator is connected to a voltage source, it stores electric charge and a potential is produced on the insulator. Thus, insulators have the two main functions:
1. to isolate conducting wires and thus to prevent a short between them and
2. to store electric charge when a voltage source is applied - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The polarity of a charge may be determined by means of an electroscope. We charge the electroscope negatively by touching the ball with a rod of hard rubber which is rubbed with flannel or silk. If the unknown charge is brought to the electroscope it will induce on the ball a charge of opposite polarity, and on the gold leaves a charge of the same polarity as that of the unknown charge. Therefore, if the unknown charge is negative, the gold leaves will repel each other; if it is positive, they will attract - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The government imposes special taxes or duties on imported goods. These are tariffs. Tariffs discourage imports because they make foreign goods more expensive. There are revenue tariffs that generate tax revenues and protective tariffs that protect home manufacturers. The purpose of the revenue tariffs is to raise money, and therefore these tariffs are rather low. The protective tariffs are much higher - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The broadcast media industry is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analogue to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable integrated circuits. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints with traditional analogue broadcasts. For television, this includes the elimination of problems such as snowy pictures, ghosting and other distortion. These occur because of the nature of analogue transmission, which means that perturbations due to noise will be evident in the final output. Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small perturbations do not affect the final output - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The cloud of electrons formed in the space between cathode and the plate is called space charge. The space charge is negative and hence has a repelling effect on electrons emitted from the cathode. The amount of the plate current depends on the space charge and the relative strength of the electric field set up by the positive plate voltage - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Pharmacists are experts in medicines and can help you to make the right choices. They are highly trained in all aspects of medicines and their professional code ensures that any information you share remains confidential. This expert knowledge can help you understand more about your medicines so that you can use them safely and effectively - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
There are some institutions and policies in the world that foster international trade. If these institutions did not exist, many companies would not at all be able to go international. The U.S. government created the Export - Import Bank (Eximbank) in order to reduce unemployment in the country. Eximbank makes loans to U.S exporters and foreign buyers of U.S. imports if private financing is not available. A firm can also buy insurance from the Foreign Credit Insurance Association (FCIA) to cover political risk (such as expropriation and loss due to war). The exporter can also buy insurance coverage on credit sales to foreign customer - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Manufacturing industries in the United Kingdom account for one-fifth of the gross national product (GNP). Small companies predominate, though companies with 500 or more employees employ a larger percentage of the work force. Major manufactures include motor vehicles, aerospace equipment, electronic data-processing and telecommunication equipment, metal goods, precision instruments, petrochemicals, and other chemicals. High-technology industries are being developed - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what a country produces and needs, it can export (sell goods to another country) and import (buy goods from another country). Governments can control international trade - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
When a company is small it cannot sometimes enter a foreign market. It can sign a licensing agreement with a foreign firm. A license is a legal agreement in which one firm gives another a right to manufacture and sell its product. A company that obtains this right pays the licenser a royalty. Royalty is a certain percentage of the income from the sale of the product. Businesses that have patents or trademarks usually can use licensing to protect them against counterfeiters. The licensee gains a successful product and the know-how. The licenser often controls the quality of the goods which the licensee produces, because high quality guarantees the reputation of the licenser. The licensee chooses the selling strategies because he knows more about how to sell the product in the foreign market - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
A metal rectifier, a widely used form of rectifier, is the metallic type consisting essentially of a number of units formed by depositing a layer of semiconducting material, such as copperoxide on a metal conducting base. These units, generally in the form of washers, are assembled on rods under pressure, the number of units employed being determined by the voltage. Each unit has the peculiar property of passing current freely when the semi-conducting layer is positive and allowing practically no current to flow in the opposite direction. This form of rectifier has the great advantage of strength, absence of moving parts and relative simplicity - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
An electric cell is used to produce and supply electric energy. It consists of an electrolyte and two electrodes. Electrodes are used as terminals, they connect the cell to the circuit - current passes through the terminals and the bulb lights.
Cells can be connected in series, in parallel and in series-parallel. In order to increase the current capacity cells should be connected in parallel. In order to increase the voltage output cells should be connected in series. In case a battery has a large current capacity and a large voltage output, its cells are connected in series-parallel.
When cells are connected in series the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the second cell, the positive terminal of the second cell - to the negative terminal of the third ... and so on.
When cells are connected in parallel their negative terminals are connected together and their positive terminals are also connected.
In case a cell has a trouble it stops operating or operates badly. This cell should be substituted by another one - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The United Kingdom has a developed mixed private- and public-enterprise economy and ranks among the top industrial countries in growth rates, productivity, and competitiveness. The gross national product (GNP) is growing faster than the population. The GNP per capita is among that of most other European countries.
The state sector was reduced during the 1980s and 1990s owing to policies of privatization, or denationalization, of publicly owned corporations. There was also an improvement in the standard of living. Unemployment and inflation rates were gradually reduced but remained high - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
When a company is small it cannot sometimes enter a foreign market. It can sign a licensing agreement with a foreign firm. A license is a legal agreement in which one firm gives another a right to manufacture and sell its product. A company that obtains this right pays the licenser a royalty. Royalty is a certain percentage of the income from the sale of the product. Businesses that have patents or trademarks usually can use licensing to protect them against counterfeiters. The licensee gains a successful product and the know-how. The licenser often controls the quality of the goods which the licensee produces, because high quality guarantees the reputation of the licenser. The licensee chooses the selling strategies because he knows more about how to sell the product in the foreign market - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The term space charge is applied to the cloud of electrons that is formed in the interelectrode space between cathode and plate. Since it is made up of electrons, this cloud constitutes a negative charge in the interelectrode space that has a repelling effect on the electrons being emitted from the cathode. The effect of this negative space charge alone, therefore, is to force a considerable portion of the emitted electrons back into the cathode and prevent others from reaching the plate - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Rural Health Posts offer basic health checks and facilities including routine examinations, immunizations and minor injuries. They cover a population of about 4,000 people.
Urban Polyclinics provide services which are normally considered general practice and include screening, treatment for chronic illnesses and on-going care. Depending on their size, urban polyclinics would also house approximately 3–4 specialists from fields such as cardio, oncology and obstetrics - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Agriculture in the United Kingdom accounts for less than 2 percent of the gross national product (GNP) and employs some 2 percent of the work force. Farming is highly mechanized, though farms are not extremely large, and is dominated by the raising of sheep and cattle. The United Kingdom is not agriculturally self-sufficient. Chief crops include barley, wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The electron beam may be deflected either electrostatically or magnetically. Let us consider electrostatic deflection. An electrostatic field can be produced between two metal plates simply by applying a potential difference between them. Electrons entering the field between the deflecting plates will be bent in the direction of the lines of force, that is, they will be attracted toward the positive plate. The resultant path of the beam will be the net effect between its forward velocity and its deflection. As a result the electron spot is deflected upward or downward depending upon the polarity of the voltage on the plate - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Signals can be either analogue or digital. In an analogue signal, the signal is varied continuously with respect to the information. In a digital signal, the information is encoded as a set of discrete values (for example ones and zeros). During transmission the information contained in analogue signals will be degraded by noise. Conversely, unless the noise exceeds a certain threshold, the information contained in digital signals will remain intact. This noise resistance represents a key advantage of digital signals over analogue signals - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The fixed-line telephones in most residential homes are analogue – that is, the speaker’s voice directly determines the signal’s voltage. Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue signals, telephone service providers are transparently converting the signal to digital for transmission before converting them back to analogue for reception. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably impacted by noise) - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
A collection of transmitters, receivers or transceivers that communicate with each other is known as a network. Digital networks may consist of one or more routers that route information to the correct user. An analogue network may consist of one or more switches that establish a connection between two or more users. For both types of network, repeaters may be necessary to amplify or recreate the signal when it is being transmitted over long distances. This is to combat attenuation that can render the signal indistinguishable from noise - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
It was found that if a sealing-wax rod is rubbed with a woolen cloth, and a rod of glass is rubbed with a silken cloth, an electric spark will pass between the sealing-wax rod and the glass rod when they are brought near one another. Moreover, it was found that a force of attraction operates between them. An electrified sealing-wax is repelled, however, by a wax rod, and also an electrified glass rod is repelled, by a similar glass rod - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The US economy consists of three main sectors - the primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Secondary economic activities involve processing or combining materials into new products, and include manufacturing and construction, this sector accounts for approximately 23 per cent of the gross national product (GNP) - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The fifth largest trading nation in the world, Britain provides just over 9 per cent of the main manufacturing countries’ exports of manufactured goods. The country is a major supplier of aerospace products, motor vehicles, electrical equipment, chemicals, textiles and most types of machinery, and is a growing oil exporter. It relies upon imports for about two-fifths of total consumption of foodstuffs and for most of the raw materials required by industry - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
A company can set up a branch in the foreign country to handle the sales of the product abroad. A parent company specifies the tasks and goals of a branch. Those usually consist of marketing and selling the product. If the managers of the parent company decide to arrange the company's own production facilities (plants, factories, etc) overseas, they set up a subsidiary. A subsidiary works under the laws of the foreign country and to the profit of its parent company. Some subsidiaries are to a great extend independent of their parent companies because the home management believes that the on-site managers are in the best position to make decisions - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The foreign exchange markets are among the largest markets in the world, with annual trading volume in excess of $160 trillion. The purpose of the foreign exchange markets is to bring buyers and sellers of currencies together. It is an over-the-counter market, with no central trading location and no set hours of trading. Prices and other terms of trade are determined by negotiation over the telephone or by wire, satellite, or telex. The foreign exchange market is informal in its operations: there are no special requirements for market participants, and trading conforms to an unwritten code of rules - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The triode, or three electrode tube, is an elaboration of the diode.
The diode consists of two electrodes. They also appear in the triode and they constitute the basis of the triode. In the triode the third electrode (the control grid) is added in the space between the emmitter and the plate.
The control grid is a metal structure which may be of different shape, depending upon the design of the tube.
The basic function of the triode is to amplify the current, or voltage or electric power. In this process of amplification the control grid plays a most important role - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Many companies set up subsidiaries overseas, either for manufacturing or for distribution, or both. These companies are called multinationals – Shell, Ford, and Sony are examples. Most multinational companies “think global and act local”. This means that they try to understand and cater for the needs of every market they sell in - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Although oats are more tolerant of poor soils and cool damp conditions the area under this crop is gradually decreasing. This is largely because it is being required less and less to feed horses as mechanization takes over on the farms. Oats tend to be used in the areas in which they are grown. In England, Wales and Ireland their chief use is as winter feed for cattle. Scotland is one of the few countries in which oats are cultivated for human consumption, to make porridge, oatcakes, etc - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The triode, or three electrode tube, is an elaboration of the diode.
The diode consists of two electrodes. They also appear in the triode and they constitute the basis of the triode. In the triode the third electrode (the control grid) is added in the space between the emmitter and the plate.
The control grid is a metal structure which may be of different shape, depending upon the design of the tube.
The basic function of the triode is to amplify the current, or voltage or electric power. In this process of amplification the control grid plays a most important role - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
To go international a large firm can set up a joint venture with a company in another country. In this case two companies pool their resources to design, manufacture and sell the product. Both firms profit by the results of this arrangement. They also share responsibility. One of the firms provides the necessary funds and know-how for producing goods. In return it gets a foothold in the foreign market. The other firm obtains financial aid and technical assistance. And it takes responsibility for handling red tape and organizing sales in the local market - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Trade and payments across national borders require that one of the parties to the transaction contract to pay or receive funds in a foreign currency. At some stage, one party must convert domestic money into foreign money. Moreover, knowledgeable investors based in each country are aware of the opportunities of buying assets or selling debts denominated in foreign currencies when the anticipated returns are higher abroad or when the interest costs are lower. These investors also must use the foreign exchange market whenever they invest or borrow abroad. The foreign exchange market is the largest market in the world in terms of the volume of transactions. That the volume of foreign exchange trading is many times larger than the volume of international trade and investment reflects that a distinction should be made between transactions that involve only banks and those that involve banks, individuals, and firms involved in international trade and investment