Тема Перевод текстов с извлечением основной информации (ознакомительное чтение)
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The most common measures are tariffs (or duties) and quotas. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures are protectionist as they raise the price of imported goods to «protect» domestically produced goods.
International organisations such as the WTO (World Trade Organisation) and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The work of Ophthalmology department includes the following:
– extracting cataracts and replacing the natural lens with a plastic intraocular one
– laser surgery to change the shape of the cornea and reduce dependence on glasses
– surgery on the extra-ocular muscles to treat strabismus – also called cross eye, which is when eyes do not align correctly
– laser surgery such as trabeculoplasty which decreases internal pressure for the treatment of glaucoma
– the excision of tumours on the eyelid and in the eye - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Health Centres cover a larger rural population of approximately 7,000 people and offer a range of primary care services. They are able to perform minor surgeries and are normally staffed by a team of nurses in conjunction with a paediatrician, a therapist and a midwife/gynaecologist.
Special Focus Polyclinics are where paediatricians and specialist ambulatory paediatric care treat children up to the age of 19 - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Current transformers are used for operating ammeters, wattmeters, and other measuring devices. They produce in the meters a current lower than the measured current but proportional to it.
Current transformers also insulate the instrument from the circuit which is being measured. This is necessary for high voltage circuits - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
A capacitor is one of the main elements of a circuit. It is used to store electric energy. A capacitor stores electric energy provided that a voltage source is applied to it. The main parts of a capacitor are metal plates and insulators. The function of insulators is to isolate the metal plates and in this way to prevent a short.
There are two common types of capacitors in use nowadays: a fixed capacitor and a variable one. The plates of a fixed capacitor cannot be moved; for this reason its capacity does not change. The plates of a variable capacitor move; its capacity changes. The greater the distance between the plates, the less is the capacity of a capacitor. Variable capacitors are commonly used by radiomen; their function is to vary the frequency in the circuit. Fixed capacitors are used in telephone and radio work - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Current is a flow of electricity through a circuit. Let us consider two main types of current: direct and alternating. A direct current (d.c.) flows through a conducting circuit in one direction only. It flows provided a direct voltage source is applied to the circuit.
An alternating current (a.c.) is a current that changes its direction of flow through a circuit. It flows provided an alternating voltage source is applied to the circuit. Alternating current flows in cycles. The number of cycles per second is called the frequency of the current. In a 60-cycle alternating current circuit the current flows in one direction 60 times and in the other direction 60 times per second - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
International trade means there are more companies competing with each other to sell their products. This means lower prices, which is good for customers because they pay less and have more choice. Producers, however, make less profit. Multinational companies often look for ways to reduce their costs, for example, by manufacturing their products in countries where labour costs are cheap - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Companies can choose various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One option is to start by working with local experts such as sales agents or distributors, who have the knowledge of the market and sell on behalf of the company. This often leads to the company opening a local branch or sales office. Another option is to sell patents and licenses, or give permission to use patents and licenses for their products. Companies may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market, in which case they can either set up a local subsidiary or a joint venture with a local partner - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
An electroscope is a sensitive instrument for detecting small electric charges. It consists of a glass-jar closed with a stopper of insulting material in which is fitted a varnished glass-tube. A rod passes through the tube. At the top of the rod there is a metal ball or disc and at the bottom of the rod two pieces of gold leaf are suspended. When a charge is brought near the electroscope, a charge of opposite sign is induced on the metal ball, and a charge of the same sign appears on the two of the gold leaves. Since, the two pieces of gold leaf now have charges of like sign they repel each other - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The prices of foreign currencies expressed in terms of other currencies are called foreign exchange rates. There are today three markets for foreign exchange: the spot market, which deals in currency for immediate delivery; the forward market, which involves the future delivery of foreign currency; and the currency futures and options market, which deals in contracts to hedge against future changes in foreign exchange rates. Immediate delivery is defined as one or two business days for most transactions. Future delivery typically means one, three, or six months from today.
Dealers and brokers in foreign exchange actually set not one but two exchange rates for each pair of currencies. That is, each trader sets a bid (buy) price and an asked (sell) price. The dealer makes a profit on the spread between the bid and asked price, although that spread is normally very small - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
A telecommunication system consists of three basic elements:
– a transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal;
– a transmission medium that carries the signal; and,
– a receiver that receives the signal and converts it back into usable information.
For example, in a radio broadcast the broadcast tower is the transmitter, free space is the transmission medium and the radio is the receiver. Often telecommunication systems are two-way with a single device acting as both a transmitter and receiver or transceiver. For example, a mobile phone is a transceiver.
Telecommunication over a phone line is called point-to-point communication because it is between one transmitter and one receiver. Telecommunication through radio broadcasts is called broadcast communication because it is between one powerful transmitter and numerous receivers - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
When a company is small it cannot sometimes enter a foreign market. It can sign a licensing agreement with a foreign firm. A license is a legal agreement in which one firm gives another a right to manufacture and sell its product. A company that obtains this right pays the licenser a royalty. Royalty is a certain percentage of the income from the sale of the product. Businesses that have patents or trademarks usually can use licensing to protect them against counterfeiters. The licensee gains a successful product and the know-how. The licenser often controls the quality of the goods which the licensee produces, because high quality guarantees the reputation of the licenser. The licensee chooses the selling strategies because he knows more about how to sell the product in the foreign market - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Conductors are materials that have a large number of loosely bound valence-ring electrons; these electrons are easily knocked out of their orbit and are then referred to as free electrons. Insulators are materials in which the valence-ring electrons are tightly bound to the nucleus. In between the limits of these two major categories is a third general class of materials called semiconductors - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Conductors are materials having a low resistance so that current easily passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current can pass through it.
The most common conductors are metals. Silver and copper are the best of them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheaper than silver. Thus copper is widely used to produce wire conductors. One of the common functions of wire conductors is to connect a voltage source to a load resistance. Since copper wire conductors have a very low resistance a minimum voltage drop is produced in them. Thus, all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load resistance - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Almost all Britain’s wheat crop is «winter wheat» which is sown in the autumn. Because of the dampness of the climate it is of the type known as «soft wheat», in contrast to the «hard wheat» produced in other countries, as the USA or Canada. Since bread made only from soft wheat is of lower quality and slightly grey in colour it is customary to use flour of which about 70 per cent has been made from «hard» imported wheat. Soft wheat, however, is excellent for making biscuits. About one-third of the wheat crop is normally used for flour milling, and about one-third for animal feed - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
In the realm of foreign commerce, the US led the world in value of imports in 1986, and was second only to Federal Republic of Germany in value of exports. Exports of domestic merchandise, raw materials, agricultural and industrial products, and military goods amounted in 1985 to nearly $207 billion. One rapidly growing export category was computers, which rose from $1.2 billiоn in 1970 to $13.8 in 1985, frain exports rose from $2.6 to $11.25 in 1985 - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Companies that want greater control over their product have to manufacture it at home and then export it to the foreign countries. In this case exporters must examine the market. Some firms can sell their products to an export\import merchant, who takes all the selling risks. In other cases the company may use an export\import agent who sells the products to wholesalers or retailers in the foreign country. Sometimes the exporter may set up its own sales offices and branches abroad. This is more expensive and only large firms can afford it - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Trade among nations takes place for the same reasons that it does within a nation: to obtain goods and services that a region could not produce itself, or to obtain them at a lower cost than they could be produced for at home. This is explained by the principle of comparative advantage, which states that as long as the opportunity costs to produce items differ between two nations, both will profit by specializing in those things that they produce most efficiently and exchanging their surpluses. Despite the many advantages of international trade, most nations have been erecting artificial barriers to the trade for ages. These barriers are usually in the form of tariffs or quotas - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Radio waves, light, X-rays, and some cosmic rays - they all belong to the same family. They travel at the velocity of light.
The wave has both electric and magnetic components which are bound together. At the end of its travel the wave gives up energy. The ether waves are those we know as wireless waves.
When the waves are too long they are "seen" as infra-red, when they are too short they are "seen" as ultra-violet. Shorter than thе ultra-violet are X-rays and far shorter than the shortest of these are the "gamma" rays, and finally the cosmic rays - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The foreign exchange market is the market in which the currencies of different countries are exchanged for one another. The foreign exchange market is made up of thousands of people all over the world – importers and exporters, banks and specialists in the buying and selling of foreign exchange called foreign exchange brokers.
The foreign exchange market opens on Monday morning in Tokyo when it is still midnight on Sunday in London. As the day advances the foreign exchange market also opens in Zurich, Frankfurt, London, New York and finally in Vancouver and Los Angeles.
Before these last two markets have closed, Tokyo is open again for the next day of business - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Barley grows best under the same conditions as wheat. It is much more adaptable as far as soil, temperature and rainfall are concerned, and requires a shorter ripening period. That is why areas devoted to barley and wheat roughly coincide, but barley is also grown in cooler, more northerly districts of eastern Scotland and in moister regions in Ireland.
Barley is used principally for fodder (40 per cent). But a certain kind of barley is particularly suitable for the production of beer and whisky (15 per cent) - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The US economy consists of three main sectors - the primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Primary economic activities are those directly involving the natural environment, including agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining, and usually contribute about 4 per cent of the yearly gross national product (GNP) - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The US economy consists of three main sectors - the primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Primary economic activities are those directly involving the natural environment, including agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining, and usually contribute about 4 per cent of the yearly gross national product (GNP) - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
A basic law of electricity states that like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. Electrons emitted from the cathode of an electron tube are negative electric charges. These charges may be either attracted to or repelled from the plate of a diode tube, depending on whether the plate is positively or negatively charged - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
A tariff is a duty, or tax, on imports. There are two basic types of tariffs. Revenue tariffs are levied as a way to raise money. Protective tariffs are levied to protect a domestic industry from foreign competition. The goal is to make the foreign product more expensive then a similar item produced by a domestic producer. Then people will stop buying the foreign-made item and purchase its domestic counterpart. Restrictions on the numbers of certain specified goods that can enter the country from abroad are called quotas. Like protective tariffs, quotas limit the amount of foreign competition a protected industry will have to face - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Your pharmacist can supply medicines for a range of minor problems and can advise you about the best way of treating problems such as coughs and colds, sprains and bruises, headlice, cold sores, and skin problems. To get the best advice, explain how long you have had the problem and how it makes you feel. Give the names and dosages of any other medicines you are taking and don’t forget to mention any herbal or other complementary remedies - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
When the value of a nation’s currency is decreasing in terms of other currencies, its exports are likely to increase because they will be less expensive to people in foreign countries. Imports, in these circumstances are likely to decrease because foreign goods will become more expensive. When a nation’s currency is appreciating in terms of other currencies, the opposite is likely to occur - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Foreign Trade Zones (FTZs) are areas in the country that are treated as foreign territory. Foreign goods can be imported into these areas without payment of duties imposed by the national government. The goods can then be sold and shipped from the FTZ to other countries duty-free. When these goods are shipped into the country to which FTZ belongs, the duty is imposed - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the ATSC, DVB and ISDB standards. All three standards use MPEG-2 for video compression. ATSC uses Dolby Digital AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses Advanced Audio Coding (MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses MPEG-1 Part 3 Layer 2. The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
People should take care of themselves first of all. It should be a must for everybody to follow some rules to be healthy:
– never use drugs,
– keep off alcohol,
– never smoke,
– take long walks in the open air,
– visit your dentist and physician regularly,
– get up and go to bed early to keep fit,
– eat healthy food - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The emergency ambulance service in Russia operates day and night and is free of charge. The ambulances are equipped by diagnostic, respiratory, anaesthetic and electro-therapeutic apparatus, blood-transfusion and other equipment - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
A channel is a division in a transmission medium so that it can be used to send multiple streams of information. For example, a radio station may broadcast at 96.1 MHz while another radio station may broadcast at 94.5 MHz. In this case, the medium has been divided by frequency and each channel has received a separate frequency to broadcast on. Alternatively, one could allocate each channel a recurring segment of time over which to broadcast – this is known as time-division multiplexing and is sometimes used in digital communication - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
In an interlinked global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to buy the best products at the best prices. By opening up markets, a government allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import the rest, choosing from whatever the world has to offer - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
There are a number of devices that directly affect the free flow of trade among nations. One of these is export subsidy – a payment by a country to its exporters that enables them to sell their products abroad at a lower price than they could sell them for at home. Selling the same product for a lower price abroad than at home is called dumping - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Always read the instructions on the label or in the leaflet. If you are unsure about how to take your medicines, then ask your pharmacist.
Medicines work in different ways.
Some are taken before you eat so they get into your system quickly.
Some need to be taken on their own as they don’t work properly if taken with certain foods, herbal preparations, or other medicines.
Some are taken with or after food because there is a chance that they could otherwise irritate your stomach - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The US economy consists of three main sectors - the primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Secondary economic activities involve processing or combining materials into new products, and include manufacturing and construction, this sector accounts for approximately 23 per cent of the gross national product (GNP) - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
In a broadcast system, a central high-powered broadcast tower transmits a high-frequency electromagnetic wave to numerous low-powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The antenna of the receiver is then tuned so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a demodulator is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analogue (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values) - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
To go international a large firm can set up a joint venture with a company in another country. In this case two companies pool their resources to design, manufacture and sell the product. Both firms profit by the results of this arrangement. They also share responsibility. One of the firms provides the necessary funds and know-how for producing goods. In return it gets a foothold in the foreign market. The other firm obtains financial aid and technical assistance. And it takes responsibility for handling red tape and organizing sales in the local market - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The mineral industry in the United Kingdom accounts for approximately 6 percent of the gross national product (GNP) but employs less than 1 percent of the work force. Production from oil fields in the North Sea has allowed the United Kingdom to become virtually self-sufficient in petroleum. The United Kingdom’s coal industry, despite its steady decline since the early 1950s, remains one of the largest - and most technologically advanced in Europe - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The price at which one currency exchanges for another is called foreign exchange rate.
In the UK there are three possible foreign exchange rate regimes. They are:
– Fixed exchange rate
– Flexible (or floating) exchange rate
– Managed exchange rate
Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be pegged by the Bank of England. Under a flexible exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be determined by market forces with no intervention by the Bank of England. Under a managed exchange rate regime, the Bank of England would intervene in the foreign exchange market to smooth out fluctuations in the value of the pound but it would not seek to maintain the pound at an absolutely constant value for a long period of time - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Companies that want greater control over their product have to manufacture it at home and then export it to the foreign countries. In this case exporters must examine the market. Some firms can sell their products to an export\import merchant, who takes all the selling risks. In other cases the company may use an export\import agent who sells the products to wholesalers or retailers in the foreign country. Sometimes the exporter may set up its own sales offices and branches abroad. This is more expensive and only large firms can afford it - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Another type of rectifier is represented by various kinds of two-electrode valves, or diodes. These consist of a glass tube or bulb containing an electron-emmiting member (the cathode) and an electrode (called the anode) which collects the emitted electrons and causes a flow of current so long as it is positive with respect to the cathode. The cathode heater is supplied with a suitable voltage from the transformer secondary to provide the heating necessary for the emission of electrons - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The most common measures are tariffs (or duties) and quotas. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures are protectionist as they raise the price of imported goods to «protect» domestically produced goods.
International organisations such as the WTO (World Trade Organisation) and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
A company can set up a branch in the foreign country to handle the sales of the product abroad. A parent company specifies the tasks and goals of a branch. Those usually consist of marketing and selling the product. If the managers of the parent company decide to arrange the company's own production facilities (plants, factories, etc) overseas, they set up a subsidiary. A subsidiary works under the laws of the foreign country and to the profit of its parent company. Some subsidiaries are to a great extend independent of their parent companies because the home management believes that the on-site managers are in the best position to make decisions - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Countries export some products and import others because sometimes it is cheaper to buy than to produce. There is warm climate and much vegetation in Australia. This is very good for sheep-breeding, and Australia exports much high-quality wool. Taiwan has many skilled technicians and so it produces radios, television sets and other electronic products for export. Canada’s climate is good for wheat, and Argentina is a low-cost producer of meat. Canada ships its wheat to Argentina and Argentina sells its meat to Canada. Both countries profit by these import-export transactions. Very few countries do not take part in international business - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Case law, or common law, is based on the concept of precedent and the doctrine of stare decisis, which means “to stand by decisions and not to disturb what is settled”. This means that the case has established a precedent. The doctrine of stare decisis must be contrasted with the concept of res adjudicata, which means that the “thing has been decided”. Res adjudicata applies when, between the parties themselves, the matter is closed at the conclusion of the lawsuit. The losing party cannot again ask a court to decide the dispute. Stare decisis means that a court of competent jurisdiction has decided a controversy and has, in a written opinion, set forth the rule or principle that formed the basis for its decision, so that rule or principle will be followed by the court in deciding subsequent cases. Likewise, subordinate courts in the same jurisdiction will be bound by the rule of law set forth in the decision. Stare decisis, then, affects persons who are not parties to the lawsuit, but res adjudicata applies only to the parties involved - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
In many countries a distinction is made between private (or civil) and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state, or between one state and another.
The main categories of English civil law are:
– Law of Contracts: binding agreements between people (or companies);
– Law of Torts: wrongs committed by one individual against another individual’s person, property or reputation;
– Law of Trusts: arrangements whereby a person administers property for another person’s benefit rather than his own Land Law;
– Probate Law: arrangements for dealing with property after the owner’s death;
– Family Law.
The main categories of public law are:
– Criminal Law: wrongs which, even when committed against an individual, are considered to harm the well-being of society in general;
– Constitutional Law: regulation of how the law operates and of the relation between private citizen and government;
– International Law: regulation of relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what a country produces and needs, it can export (sell goods to another country) and import (buy goods from another country). Governments can control international trade. The most common measures are tariffs (or duties) and quotas. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures are protectionist as they raise the price of imported goods to “protect” domestically produced goods.
International organizations such as the WTO (World Trade Organization) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Radio waves, light, X-rays, and some cosmic rays — they all belong to the same family. They travel at the velocity of light.
The wave has both electric and magnetic components which are bound together. At the end of its travel the wave gives up energy. The ether waves are those we know as wireless waves.
When the waves are too long they are "seen" as infra-red, when they are too short they are "seen" as ultra-violet. Shorter than thе ultra-violet are X-rays and far shorter than the shortest of these are the "gamma" rays, and finally the cosmic rays - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The cloud of electrons formed in the space between cathode and the plate is called space charge. The space charge is negative and hence has a repelling effect on electrons emitted from the cathode. The amount of the plate current depends on the space charge and the relative strength of the electric field set up by the positive plate voltage