Тема Чтение текстов с извлечением основной информации (ознакомительное чтение)
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Coca-Cola is one of the most popular soft drinks in the world. Dr. John Pemberton first made in Atlanta, America, in 1886. Dr. Pemberton was not a real doctor but he sold syrups to people who were ill. He made his first Coca-Cola drink with syrup and soda water. He gave it to his friends to try. They liked it but asked him to make it even better.
Although Dr. Pemberton’s drink was 99% sugar and soda water, 1% of it was coca leaves and cola nuts (that is why he called the drink ‘Coca-Cola’) and some other things. Dr. Pemberton would not tell anyone what these things were. He kept them a secret. The drink did not sell well at first so he sold the secret. Two years later, he died.
In 1892, Asa Candler bought the secret and started The Coca-Cola Company.
Today, The Coca-Cola Company is one of the largest companies in America - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
In 1858, a French engineer, Thome` de Gamond arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one mile tunnel across the English Channel. He said that it would be possible to build a platform in the cerntre of the Channel. The platform will serve as a port and a railway station. The tunnel would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea-level. In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an English-man, William Low. He suggested that a double railway tunnel should be built. This would solve the problem of ventilation, for if train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it. 42 years later, a tunnel was actually begun. If, as the time, the British had no feared invasion, it would have been completed - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
In constructing of a building, it is possible to cast the floors and walls as well as the framework directly on the spot where they are to stand. Building forms a monolith. Last one is a large artificial stone composed entirely of concrete that has been shaped within wooden molds fitted together perfectly. To cast all parts in place, a builder has to use many forms. They are removed as soon as the concrete has set. Before beginning another work, concrete must be given plenty of time to harden. In order to save time, a builder may prefer to use a number of standardized concrete units. Individual members can be pressed. Also different sections of the building can be prefabricated - Прочитайте текст и определите , какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
A nurse looks after her patients in the daytime or at night and can see any changes in the patients’ condition. Many of the changes are very important. The nurse must be careful when she takes the patient’s pulse. It is not difficult to take the pulse. Put three fingers of the left hand over the radial artery. Many patients are nervous when they see a nurse or a doctor and the patient’s pulse is faster - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
To go international a large firm can set up a joint venture with a company in another country. In this case two companies pool their resources to design, manufacture and sell the product. Both firms profit by the results of this arrangement. They also share responsibility. One of the firms provides the necessary funds and know-how for producing goods. In return it gets a foothold in the foreign market. The other firm obtains financial aid and technical assistance. And it takes responsibility for handling red tape and organizing sales in the local market - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The simplest combination of elements constituting an electron tube is the diode. It consists of a cathode, which serves for emitting the electrons, and a plate or anode surrounding the cathode, which acts as a collector of electrons. Both electrodes are enclosed in a highly evacuated envelope of glass or metal. If the cathode is indirectly heated, there must be a heating spiral or a heater. The size of diode tubes varies from tiny metal tubes to large-sized rectifiers. The plate is generally a hollow metallic cylinder made of nickel, molybdenum graphite, tantalum or iron - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Of great importance today is the subject of town planning. Throughout the nineteenth century in all industrial countries of the world the same thing occurred. In England, in the middle of the nineteenth century, one-half of the population lived in towns; the other half lived in the country. By the end of the century there were nearly a 20 million increase in the number of country dwellers.
Towns grew in a haphazard way. Houses were huddled together, and railways had found a way in, often to a most inconvenient part of the town. There was no plan in the arrangement of the town.
In Great Britain a Town Planning Act was passed in 1909, giving to local authorities, for the first time in history, power to develop their towns along scientific and artistic lines. After 1918, schemes of building on a national basis began in most countries - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
There are some institutions and policies in the world that foster international trade. If these institutions did not exist, many companies would not at all be able to go international. The U.S. government created the Export - Import Bank (Eximbank) in order to reduce unemployment in the country. Eximbank makes loans to U.S exporters and foreign buyers of U.S. imports if private financing is not available. A firm can also buy insurance from the Foreign Credit Insurance Association (FCIA) to cover political risk (such as expropriation and loss due to war). The exporter can also buy insurance coverage on credit sales to foreign customer - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Among the most common meters used there are the ohmmeter, the ammeter and the voltmeter. The ohmmeter is used to measure the value of resistance. It consists of a milliammeter calibrated to read in ohms, a battery and resistors. The meter is connected in parallel and the circuit is not opened when its resistance is measured. The readings on the scale show the measured value.
The ammeter is used to measure the value of current. When the ammeter is used the circuit should be opened at one point and the terminals of the meter should be connected to it. One should take into consideration that the positive terminal of the meter is connected to the positive terminal of the source; the negative terminal - to the negative terminal of the source.
The ammeter should be connected in series. The readings on the scale show the measured value.
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Alternating current (a.c.) is converted into direct current by means of a rectifier.
A half-wave rectifier consists of a diode in series with a resistance. In order to put a rectifier into operation, a source of a.c. should be applied to it. When an a.c. source is applied the diode begins to conduct. The rectifier passes currents during positive half-cycles of the applied voltage. That is why it is called a half-wave rectifier. When the device operates direct current (d.c.) flows in the same direction. It is a pulsating current. Since pulsations should be eliminated, a filter is applied. Pulsations are eliminated by means of this filter - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The category of cured, smoked and cooked meats is a broad line of sausage products such as frankfurters and bologna which differ from cured and picked meats in that they are prepared from finely chopped meat to which salt, sugar, spices and flavourings have been added. They may also include such items as cereals, milk powders, protein hydrolysates and other substances - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
A diode is a two-element electron tube that consists of a cathode and an anode or plate acting as an electron collector. By applying a positive voltage to the plate of a diode, an electric field is established between cathode and plate that attracts electrons emitted from the cathode to the plate - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
We can divide all metals into ferrous and non-ferrous. Steel and cast iron are in the group of ferrous metals. They are alloys of iron with carbon, manganese, silicon and other components.
Non-ferrous metals are metals and alloys the main component of which is not iron but some other element such as aluminium, copper and others. Some of the characteristics of non-ferrous metals are high electric and heat conductivity, high corrosion resistance, light weight and easiness of fabrication - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises pollute the air we breathe and the water we drink. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1,000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Beautiful old forests disappear forever. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of lakes and rivers dry up - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The Black Country is an old industrial area near Birmingham in the Midlands of Britain. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it had a lot of factories and coal mines. It was called the ‘Black’ Country because of all the coal mines and smoke from the factories. Britain was the first country in the world to have an Industrial Revolution, and Birmingham and the Black Country were important for the manufacturing of metal goods.
The Black Country Living Museum has authentic factories, shops and houses from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. You can see people working in the factories and shops. Sometimes you can also see people living in the houses, as people did more than a hundred years ago. Fish and chip shops are still common in Britain - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Some governments impose various regulations on businesses in their countries. Sometimes these regulations discourage foreign companies from entering home markets. In some countries all international businesses must have local partners. In other countries a foreign firm must have at least one native in the top management of a branch or a subsidiary. Some governments, foe example in Mexico, insist that the local partners have the controlling interest. However, big firms like IBM refuse to do business on these grounds and usually manage to find the way out - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Tin is a silvery metal which is not corroded by air. The chief use is for making tin plate, i.e. sheetiron coated with tin. Tin plate is suitable for cans in which acid fruit and other food-stuffs are packed because tin is not attacked by weak acids. For good containers, iron is coated with tin instead of zinc because tin is not subject to attack by acids in food - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The Tay Bridge in Scotland was designed and built by Sir Thomas Bouch. It was built in the nineteenth century. The bridge, which was over 3 kilometres long, opened in 1878 and fell down in a winter storm in 1879. A train carrying 70 people was on the bridge at the time and all the people were killed.
There was the enquiry into the Tay Bridge disaster to find out why the accident happened. One of the conclusions was that the design and construction were based on how quickly and cheaply it could be built. Safety and strength were not thought about properly. Another conclusion was that it was a very cold winter and the iron may have cracked when it contracted. Also, the design was based on experience rather than the more scientific and accurate calculations used today. During the twentieth century engineers used computers to do a detailed structural analysis of the design used for the Tay Bridge. The results confirm that the design of the bridge was definitely substandard - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
This is a workshop. Two students are here. They are Sveta and Oleg. They are electricians. A toolboard is in the middle of the workshop. Many tools are on the toolboard. They are chisels, screwdrivers, a pair of pliers, a set of spanners, etc.
A safety-notice is above the toolboard. A bench is on left and a shelf is on the right. There are many nails, nuts and screws on the shelf. A hammer is not on the shelf, it is on the bench. Sveta is to the right of the bench. Oleg is on the other side of the workshop just opposite the toolboard - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
In the realm of foreign commerce, the US led the world in value of imports in 1986, and was second only to Federal Republic of Germany in value of exports. Exports of domestic merchandise, raw materials, agricultural and industrial products, and military goods amounted in 1985 to nearly $207 billion. One rapidly growing export category was computers, which rose from $1.2 billiоn in 1970 to $13.8 in 1985, frain exports rose from $2.6 to $11.25 in 1985 - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
All engineering materials are divided into metals and non-metals. Copper, cast iron, aluminium are examples of metals. Rubber, plastic and ceramics are examples of non-metals. Today different metals are widely used in machine-building industry - Прочитайте текст
The cranberry is a North American fruit that grows on a bush. The cranberry is small, round, red, and very bitter. American Indians used the berries for food and medicine. When settlers first came from England in the 1600s, they liked these berries, too. The settlers had never seen the berries before. They decided to call them “crane berries”, because birds called cranes ate them.
The cranberry bush grows in only some states that have the special conditions the cranberry bush needs.
Cranberries ripen when the weather starts to become cold. Many people eat cranberries as part of the feast of Thanksgiving in November.
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The Cranberry … - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
A person who thinks he can cure himself without the doctor’s consultation makes a mistake. There are hundreds of causes of headache and the person doesn’t know what medicine he needs.
He can stop his symptoms but he doesn’t cure the cause of them. The illness may become more serious.
A prescription is usually written for a certain person. Never use medicines prescribed not for you - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Hotel restaurants have a Room Service department for the guests. Room service is the service of food or beverages in the guest’s rooms. The Room Service department works together with the kitchen of the restaurant. Hotels are often judged by the standard of the room service they provide - Прочитайте текст
The first commercial television broadcast was made on April 20, 1939 by Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Since 1939, it has become one of the most important facts of modern life. Television is very much a part of the modern world. Its effects are felt all over the world.
Television is a reflection of the modern world, say some people. It shows contemporary society. It affects customs and culture, others say. Television is bad for culture because it keeps culture from growing, say still others.
Good or bad, television is difficult to avoid.
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Television … - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Companies can choose from various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One option is to start by working with local experts such as sole agents or multi-distributors, who have specialist knowledge of the market and sell on behalf of the company. This often leads to the company opening a local branch or sales office. Another option is to sell, or give permission to use, patents and licenses for their products. Companies may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market, in which case they can either set up a local subsidiary or a joint venture with a local partner - Прочитайте текст
In old Roman legends, Mercury was the swift-footed messenger of the gods. The year on the planet of Mercury is only 88 earth days.
Mercury always keeps one side towards the sun. On this side it is always day, on the other side it is always night. We see only the lighted side.
Mercury appears to us like a yellowish-orange star. The nearest planet to the sun, it is always seen near the sun, either before sunrise or soon after sunset. People sometimes call Mercury the morning or evening star, though it is really a planet.
On its lighted side Mercury’s temperature is about 300 degrees Centigrade. But the dark side is deathly cold — about 150 degrees below zero. So Mercury is probably the coldest, as well as the hottest of the planets.
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Mercury is seen near the sun _____ - Прочитайте текст
Litter is garbage – like food, paper, and cans – on the ground or in the street. Where many people live together, litter is a problem. People don’t always put their garbage in the garbage can. It’s easier to drop a paper than to find a garbage can for it. But litter is ugly. It makes the city look dirty, and it spoils the view.
The wind blows papers far away. Often they are difficult to catch. When they blow against a fence, they stay there. This fence is a wall of garbage.
Litter is a health problem, too. Food and garbage bring animals, which sometimes carry disease.
Two famous sayings are: “Don’t be a litter bug!” and “Every litter bit hurts!”
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Litter … - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
In 1921, at the University of Toronto, Frederic Grant Banting and Charles H. Best conducted experiments that successfully isolated the hormone insulin. This hormone is used to control the disease diabetes. The name of the hormone is derived from Latin word for island, insula, because the hormone is produced in the part of the pancreas called the Isles of Langerhans.
Insulin is protein and is digested by the enzymes. Banting and Best used animal experiments to extract insulin and demonstrated that it stopped symptoms of diabetes. Commercial production of insulin uses pigs, oxen, and sheep as sources for the hormone - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
In the space surrounding every magnet there exists what is called a magnetic field. When a strong magnet is brought close to a piece of sort iron, the iron takes on all the properties of a magnet. This phenomenon is called induction and it was discovered by Faraday - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Wood used for construction purposes is usually changed into laminated wood or wood panel products. Large structural wooden members are produced by glueing small strips of wood together.
Wood in panel form is more advantageous for many building purposes than board. Why is it so? First of all, because wood panels are much easier to install than boards. They require much less labour for the process of installation. Besides, swelling and splitting in panels are greatly decreased compared with boards. As to plywood panels, they are made up of thin wooden veneers glued together. It is of great importance to note that when wooden structures are designed the future stresses of their structural members must be predetermined - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
Airships are huge balloons with propellers to drive them, and they were once used to carry as many as 200 passengers.
The airships were filled with hydrogen, a light gas. However, hydrogen is also inflammable. There were several disasters in which airships caught fire, and they disappeared by the end of the 1930s.
However, airships are now flying again, but they are not common. They are lifted by helium gas, which does not catch fire - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Countries export some products and import others because sometimes it is cheaper to buy than to produce. There is warm climate and much vegetation in Australia. This is very good for sheep-breeding, and Australia exports much high-quality wool. Taiwan has many skilled technicians and so it produces radios, television sets and other electronic products for export. Canada’s climate is good for wheat, and Argentina is a low-cost producer of meat. Canada ships its wheat to Argentina and Argentina sells its meat to Canada. Both countries profit by these import-export transactions. Very few countries do not take part in international business - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
There have been many different styles or kinds of architecture in the past and there are many different styles today in different parts of the world.
The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6,000 years ago.
The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over tombs of Egyptian kings. The best known of the pyramids are a group of three built at Giza south of Cairo. The largest of these is 482 feet high.
The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Conference service of our hotel offers you a great conference hall, Royal Lounge and all necessary equipment (computers, telexes, faxes etc…). Experience stenographers, secretaries, interpreters and translators will be happy to help you with your business activities - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Mankind long believed that, whatever we did, the Earth would remain much the same. We know now that is untrue. Nature is under threat. One country’s pollution can be every country’s problem. So we all need to work together to safeguard our environment.
We have a moral duty to look after our planet and hand it on in good order to future generation - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
An atom, a basic unit of matter, is a packet of energy with electric charges. Except for hydrogen, which has no neutrons, atoms are composed of a nucleus with neutrons and protons and a cloud with electrons orbiting the nucleus. The protons have a positive (+) charge. The electrons have a negative (−) charge. The neutrons have no charge. Opposite charges attract and like charges repel - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The law of property may be thought of as a branch of the law of contracts, but in many ways our concept of private property contains much more than the contract characteristics. Property is the basic ingredient in our economic system, and the subject matter may be subdivided into several areas such as wills, trusts, estates in land, personal property, bailment, and many more - Прочитайте текст и определите , какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
In some cases it is important for the surgeon to know whether an injured bone has “died” from loss of blood supply.
Few years ago it was necessary to wait several months, and sometimes even a year, for the accurate diagnosis that made treatment possible. Now surgeons have discovered how to find in a few minutes whether the bone has “died”. It is done by using a radioisotope – Sodium 24. When this isotope is pumped into the injured bone, it keeps its radio-activity if the bone is “dead”. But if the bone is still living, the blood carries away the radioisotope within ten minutes.
By measuring the amount of radio-activity left in the bone, the surgeon gets the information about the condition of the injured bone - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The protective layer of the Earth, the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the sun’s destructive UV (ultraviolet) rays, is being damaged by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). They are released by the daily use of industrial and household products: refrigerators, air conditioners, foam insulation, cleaning chemicals, food packaging. In the ozone layer they attack the ozone molecules making a “hole”. This “hole” allows more UV rays to penetrate to the Earth. It increases the risk of skin cancer, weakens the immune system of people. Besides, UV rays influence the oceans, the growth of plankton, an essential part of the marine-life food chain in the negative way, reduce economically important crops. The life cycle is going to be undermined by the ozone - Прочитайте текст
Litter is garbage – like food, paper, and cans – on the ground or in the street. Where many people live together, litter is a problem. People don’t always put their garbage in the garbage can. It’s easier to drop a paper than to find a garbage can for it. But litter is ugly. It makes the city look dirty, and it spoils the view.
The wind blows papers far away. Often they are difficult to catch. When they blow against a fence, they stay there. This fence is a wall of garbage.
Litter is a health problem, too. Food and garbage bring animals, which sometimes carry disease.
Two famous sayings are: “Don’t be a litter bug!” and “Every litter bit hurts!”
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Litter … - Прочитайте текст
Nature is full of colour. Colour is very important for plants, animals, birds, and insects. It means life to them. Birds, for example, use their colour to tell other birds to stay away from their nests. They sing and move their wings to show their colour as a warning to other birds.
Some moths use colour to make birds afraid of them. The colour or the marks on the moth’s body is a sign to a bird. The bird sees the colour or the marks and does not eat the moth!
One kind of fish can change its colour. The colour is the same as the surrounding sea plants or rocks. Then the fish’s enemy can’t see it.
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Nature’s colours … - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The protective layer of the Earth, the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the sun’s destructive UV (ultraviolet) rays, is being damaged by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). They are released by the daily use of industrial and household products: refrigerators, air conditioners, foam insulation, cleaning chemicals, food packaging. In the ozone layer they attack the ozone molecules making a “hole”. This “hole” allows more UV rays to penetrate to the Earth. It increases the risk of skin cancer, weakens the immune system of people. Besides, UV rays influence the oceans, the growth of plankton, an essential part of the marine-life food chain in the negative way, reduce economically important crops. The life cycle is going to be undermined by the ozone - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The hotel has 247 spacious comfortably furnished apartments including double and single rooms, 80 Suites and 2 luxurious Presidential Suites. You will feel at home while staying in the “Golden Ring” hotel. The hotel offers 24-hour room service and the most sophisticated security system - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Scientists are finding other effects of acid rain. In some large areas trees are dying. Not just one tree here and there, but whole forests. At first scientists couldn’t understand why. There were no bugs or diseases in these trees. The weather was not dry. But now they think that the rain was the cause. Acid rain is making the earth more acidic in these areas. Some kinds of trees cannot live in the soil that is very acidic - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
When Honduras exports bananas to Switzerland, they can use the money they earn to import Swiss chocolate - or to pay for Kuwaiti oil or a vacation in Hawaii. The basic idea of international trade and investment is simple: each country produces goods or services that can be either consumed at home or exported to other countries - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
In recent years, serious traffic problems have developed in most large cities. Many cities have experimented with different ideas for controlling the traffic. For example, in some places, they have established ‘park and ride’ systems, where people can park their cars and travel into the city by bus. Other cities have introduced a complete ban on certain days of the week.
New technology has also made other solutions possible. In some cities, for example, they have placed automatic posts in the middle of roads into the city centre. These posts prevent cars from entering the city centre, but when taxis, buses and ambulances approach them, they automatically disappear into the ground.
Many city councils have also put computers and scanners on all roads into the city. Drivers have to buy a special electronic card and put it in their car. When the car has passed through a scanning machine, a computer checks the card and allows the car to go through. Drivers who have not remembered to put their card into their car cannot take their cars into the city - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
Heart disease kills more than a million people in the world every year. In Britain alone 170,000 die from the disease annually. There are three main reasons for this: smoking, a bad diet, and not taking enough exercise. Many people travel to work by car, bus or train and then sit down at work all day! The food they eat is unhealthy and they eat too much. In a typical British dish of sausages, chips and beans there is too much salt and too much sugar – an important ingredient in tinned food – and there are not enough vegetables. And there is not enough fibre in most meals. There are too many deaths from heart disease. We can reduce that number, but we have to change our habits - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
You ask what I think of modern architecture. I don’t know very much about modern architecture in Europe, but styles are probably similar in most countries today. I think this is because now architects have no opportunities they had in the past. They are seldom asked to design buildings like wonderful churches and cathedrals of the Middle Ages. Architects today have to design schools, hospitals and huge blocks of flats and offices. If they are asked to make plans for houses, these are usually all alike or nearly alike - Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту
The study of electricity may be divided into three classes or branches: magnetism, elektrostatics, and electrodynamics. Magnetism is the property of the molecules of iron and certain other substances through which they store energy in a field of force because of the arranged movement of the electrons in their atoms. Electrostatics is the study of electricity at rest, or static electricity. Examples of this type of electricity are charges on condenser plates. Rubbing glass with silk produces static electricity. Electrodynamics is the study of electricity in motion, or dynamic electricity. The electricity which flows through wires for light and power purposes is a good example of latter type of electricity