Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами аннотирования
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Anaesthesiology was a recognised medical speciality in 1940s - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
New companies are beginning to play the main role in the nation’s economic life - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Ernst got two post-graduate degrees - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The installation size has to be reduced - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The composition of a successful typographic layout requires a designer to consider a lot of aspects - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Evolution
1. A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution, and that all life-forms known have a common origin. Introduced into the scientific lexicon by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809, Charles Darwin established evolution fifty years later as a viable theory by articulating its driving force: natural selection. Evolution is now used to explain the great variations of life found on Earth.
Darwin theorized that species and breeds developed through the processes of natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding.
2. The evolutionary history of the species – which describes the characteristics of the various species from which it descended – together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is known as its phylogeny. Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics, and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology.
3. The theory of evolution postulates that all organisms on the Earth, both living and extinct, have descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago.
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To understand the essence of phylogeny one … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
There is an independent assessment system in the UK universities - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Some curds are popular in hot climates - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Police and passenger helicopters can be unpopular with urban population - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Civil courts
1. In England, simple civil actions, for example family matters such as undefended divorce, are normally heard in either the Magistrates’ Courts or the County Courts.
There's no jury in a Magistrates' Court. Family cases may go оn appeal from the Magistrates' Court to the County Courts. The County Court also hears complex first instance civil cases, such as contract disputes, compensation claims, consumer complaints about faulty goods or services, and bankruptcy cases. Juries are now rare in civil actions, so normally the judge considers both law and fact.
2. More complex civil cases, such as the administration of estates and actions for the recovery of land, are heard in the High Court of Justice, which is divided into three divisions: Family, Chancery and Queen's Bench. From the High Court cases may go on appeal to the civil division of the Court of Appeal, which can reverse or uphold a decision of the lower courts. Its decisions bind all the lower civil courts. Civil cases may leapfrog from the High Court to the House of Lords, bypassing the Court of Appeal, when points of law of general public importance are involved.
3. Decisions of the House of Lords arc binding on all other courts but not necessarily on itself. The court of the House of Lords consists of twelve life peers appointed from judges and barristers. The quorum, or minimum number, of law lords for an appeal hearing is normally three, but generally there is a sitting of five judges.
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Law lords are … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The fast-drying inks make flexography ideal for printing wrappers - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The places and time for boats to fish is stipulated by the permit system - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The first inventors of the movable type failed to fully appreciate its advantages - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
How smartphones work
1. Thinking of a daily task it's likely there's a specialized, pocket-sized device designed to help you accomplish it. You can get a separate, tiny and powerful machine to make phone calls, keep your calendar and address book, entertain you, play your music, give directions, take pictures, check your e-mail, and do countless other things. But how many pockets do you have? Handheld devices become as clunky as a room-sized supercomputer when you have to carry four of them around with you every day.
2. A smartphone is one device that can take care of all of your handheld computing and communication needs in a single, small package. It's not so much a distinct class of products as it is a different set of standards for cell phones to live up to.
3. Unlike many traditional cell phones, smartphones allow individual users to install, configure and run applications of their choosing. A smartphone offers the ability to conform the device to your particular way of doing things. Most standard cell-phone software offers only limited choices for re-configuration, forcing you to adapt to the way it's set up.
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People use smartphones mostly because they … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Collected weather data are the basis of climatic classification - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Mixed economies
1. A mixed economy contains elements of both market and planned economies. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals exercise considerable economic freedom of choice without any government restrictions. Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy.
2. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers. Technically, all the economies of the world are mixed. Some countries are nearer to command economies, while others are closer to free market economies.
3. The aim of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the benefits that they both offer. So, in a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. The state controls the share of the output through taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply essential items such as health, education and defence, while private firms produce cars, furniture, electrical items and similar, less essential products.
4. The UK is a country with mixed economy. Some services are provided by the state (for example, health care and defence) whilst a range of privately owned businesses offer other goods and services.
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In mixed economies the government … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Measuring the behavior of a specific device with a monitoring instrument is applied in a calibration - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
In some countries the mayor’s scope of responsibilities is regulated by the central government - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
A new kind of network worm made security professionals feel nervous - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Practice of representation of clients before various committees and courts evolved in the 20th century - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A wide range of printing surfaces can be used in addition to paper - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
People’s conversation has a social meaning - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
British woods have be come unserviceable because of acid rains - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Cutters make the creation of seams easy - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Art reflects human’s life and his environment - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Sculpture figures of some part of Africa are made of wood and have arms and legs of cylindrical form - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Some problems with automated assembly lines - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Package tour includes various components of a trip - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
Advances in microprocessor technology made PCs more powerful, smaller, and less expensive - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Sharks are believed to evolve from some diversified mammals - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Adults can be taught to read in special educational institutions - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Forest health
1. The importance of pests and their negative impacts on forests are often underestimated. Pest outbreaks can contribute either directly or indirectly to economic and environmental losses. Insects and diseases can have adverse effects on tree growth and survival, yield and quality of wood and non-wood products, wildlife habitat, recreation and scenic and cultural value. Yet they are integral components of forests.
2. Invasive plant species can also cause damage through competition and prevention of regeneration of native tree species, posing new challenges especially to the in situ conservation of forest biological diversity. Pollution is another threat to forest health and vitality.
3. Insects and diseases influence the health of natural and planted forests, trees also outside forests and other wooded lands. Movement of insects and diseases has been facilitated by increased long-range air travel and reduced travel time, increased international trade of agricultural and forest products, and the exchange of plant material. Forest pests can be extremely destructive, as seen in recent years in both developed and developing countries.
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Insects and diseases spread more quickly nowadays due to … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
A living cell consists of a great number of chemical compounds - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Prosperity Decade
1. The 1920s were a period of great change in American life that lasted nearly ten years. The First World War had just ended, and a time of gay abandon, economic prosperity, and social change had set in. An unpopular prohibition law made it seem that breaking the law could be acceptable and even commonplace. The tone of the times was one of excitement, of excesses, of new freedom.
2. During the 1920s many people made money by buying shares, or stocks, in different companies. The price of a company's stock depends on business condition. If many buyers want to buy stock in a company, the price of the stock will rise. If many stock owners want to sell their stock, the price will go down. In the 1920s stock prices seemed to go in only one direction: up. There were stories of shoeshine boys and office workers who made fortunes in the stock market in one day.
3. People were making more money than ever before. Companies used advertising to encourage people to buy their products. Advertising became important to business during the 1920s. Another way of encouraging people to buy more goods was called instalment buying. When people bought a thing on the instalment plan, they had to pay only a small part of the total price for the thing. Each month they paid another small some, called an instalment. People paid instalments until they had paid the whole price of the thing they had bought.
4. People were earning a lot of money, and the system of instalment buying seemed a good idea. But some experts warned that too many Americans owed too much money. If people suddenly lost their jobs, they would not be able to pay their debts. Then business would suffer. But few people listened to these warnings. Business was expanding. People kept buying on the instalment plan. The golden years were up to 1929 - and then came Black Tuesday, the day of October 1929 of the inevitable stock market crash, that spanned ten years.
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If many people want to buy stocks in a company the stock price … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Realism and formalism
1. Even before the turn of the century, movies began to develop in two major directions: the realistic and the formalistic. Realism and formalism are merely general, rather than absolute, terms. When used to suggest a tendency toward either polarity, such labels can be helpful, but in the end they are still just labels. Few films are exclusively formalist in style, and fewer yet are completely realist.
2. There is also an important difference between realism and reality, although this distinction is often forgotten. Realism is a particular style, whereas physical reality is the source of all the raw materials of film, both realistic and formalistic. Virtually all movie directors go to the photographable world for their subject matter, but what they do with this material – how they shape and manipulate it – determines their stylistic emphasis.
3. Generally speaking, realistic films attempt to reproduce the surface of concrete reality with a minimum of distortion. The filmmaker tries to suggest the copiousness of life itself. Both realist and formalist film directors must select certain details from the chaotic sprawl of reality. But the element of selectivity in realistic films is less obvious. Realists try to preserve the illusion that their film world is unmanipulated, an objective mirror of the actual world. Formalists, on the other hand, deliberately stylize and distort their raw materials so that only the very naive would mistake a manipulated image of an object or event for the real thing.
4. We rarely notice the style in a realistic movie; the artist tends to be self-effacing. Some filmmakers are more concerned with what is being shown than how it is manipulated. The camera is used conservatively. It is essentially a recording mechanism that reproduces the surface of tangible objects with as little commentary as possible. A high premium is placed on simplicity, spontaneity, and directness. This is not to suggest that these movies lack artistry, however, for at its best the realistic cinema specializes in art that conceals art.
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The formalist style … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
There is a great number of typographic styles due to evolution of written language and printing technology - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Today governmental and private agencies at the local, national, and international levels pay much attention to safety - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Short-range forecasts are made on the basis of local weather data - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Phytoplankton obtain and cumulate energy, which is the basis for oceanic and freshwater food chains - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Evolutionary biology
1. Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of biology concerned with the origin of species from a common descent and descent of species, as well as their change, multiplication and diversity over time. Someone who studies evolutionary biology is known as an evolutionary biologist. To philosopher Kim Sterelny, «the development of evolutionary biology since 1858 is one of the great intellectual achievements of science».
2. Evolutionary biology is an interdisciplinary field, in that it includes scientists from a wide range of both field and lab oriented disciplines. For example, it generally includes scientists who may have a specialist training in particular organisms such as mammalogy, ornithology, or herpetology, but use those organisms as case studies to answer general questions in evolution. It also generally includes paleontologists and geologists who use fossils to answer questions about the tempo and mode of evolution, as well as theoreticians in areas such as population genetics and evolutionary psychology.
3. Findings from evolutionary biology feed strongly into new disciplines that study mankind's sociocultural evolution and evolutionary behavior. Evolutionary biology's frameworks of ideas and conceptual tools are now finding application in the study of a range of subjects from computing to nanotechnology. It also contributes to the field of evolutionary medicine.
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Evolutionary biology promotes the development of … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
There exist variations in legal system of different countries - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Technology
1. Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or create an artistic perspective. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools.
2. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.
3. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions.
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People treat technologies differently … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Charter schools of the USA
1. Charter schools are public schools that are independent of any local school district. National surveys of charter school have found high levels of satisfaction among parents, pupils and teachers associated with then. Charter schools were especially well received by poor and minority families.
2. Charter school is a movement toward school reform that focuses on improving education, pupil autonomy and choice. A charter school may be a separate school with separate funding, or it can be a school within a school. Typically, most new charter schools around the country are small.
3. The quality is measured by test scores. If the quality is good, the schools enjoy success. If it is not good, they'll fail and lose their financing – this is a powerful motive to offer a high-quality program. Charter schools are usually formed by a group of teachers, parents, and/or community leaders who want to make contributions to education reform.
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Charter schools are particularly popular with … - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
Measures taken to meet the demand increase for the radio channels within a given cell - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
The reason for man to produce modifications of nature - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The configuration of a hull - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The second half of the 20th century was marked by the WWW invention - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
In the past times artists became famous because of their prints rather than paintings - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The application of engineering designs is linked with a great responsibility - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The cost and numbers of workers involved in construction of the new refinery are given