Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами аннотирования
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There are two classes of biogeochemical cycles: gaseous and sedimentary - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
A forester
1. A forester is a person who practices forestry, the science, art, and profession of managing forests. Foresters engage in a broad range of activities including timber harvesting, ecological restoration and management of protected areas. Foresters manage forests to provide a variety of objectives including direct extraction of raw material, outdoor recreation, conservation, hunting and aesthetics.
2. A forester is also a title used widely during Medieval times. The forester usually held a position equal to a sheriff or local law enforcer. He was responsible for patrolling the woodlands on a lord or noble's property. His duties included negotiating deals for the sale of lumber and timber and stopping poachers from illegally hunting. Many times wanted criminals would hide in a forest. When this occurred it was the duty of the Forester to organize armed gangs to capture the criminal. Often foresters held titles of prominence in their local communities, and acted as barristers and arbitrators. Their pay was usually above average and they could make a decent living.
3. Many people confuse the role of the forester with that of the logger, but most foresters are concerned not only with the harvest of timber, but also with the sustainable management of forests to (in the words of Gifford Pinchot) "provide the greatest good for the greatest number in the long term". Another notable forester, Jack Westoby, remarked that «forestry is concerned not with trees, but with how trees can serve people».
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A forester’s job is very versatile because … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A preliminary copy of the text must be checked for accuracy - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The second definition of Humanism is connected with human values and abilities - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Even though the interest in creating MEMS grew in 1980s, their commercial use and development started much later - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The size of elevators that bring the aircraft to the flight deck from the hangars below - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The quality of nonfruit ingredients also determines quality of the finished product - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Light
1. The form of energy that illuminates our world is called light. It usually comes from hot objects, like the sun or fire, but it is also produced by electricity and some chemical reactions. Light is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum (which includes microwaves, ultraviolet rays, and X-rays) that is invisible to the human eye. It travels at 186,000 miles (300,000 km) per second, and nothing can travel faster. Like other forms of energy, light travels in waves, but it can also travel in packets of energy called quanta. This enables it to travel through a vacuum.
2. Light rays are reflected when they hit a shiny or silvered surface, such as a still pool of water or a mirror. Reflection involves two light rays: the incoming ray and the reflected ray which bounces off the reflecting surface. The two rays are at identical angles to the reflecting surface on either side of an imaginary line.
3. Refraction is a property of all types of energy that travel in waves, including light. Light waves normally travel in straight lines, but when they pass from one transparent material to another, they usually refract, or bend. Refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials. As light from a material with a low density, such as air, enters a material with a high density, such as water, its speed is reduced. This causes it to bend (except when it enters a material at a right angle).
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Unlike all other kinds of electromagnetic radiation light … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Specialized Accounting
1. Accounting and Bookkeeping is the process of identifying, measuring, recording, and communicating economic information about an organization or other entity. Bookkeeping is the record-keeping aspect of accounting. Accounting principles are applied in the preparation of financial statements and other financial information. Of the various specialized areas of accounting that exist, the three most important are auditing, income taxation, and accounting for non-business organizations.
2. Auditing is the examination, by an independent accountant, of the financial data, accounting records, business documents, and other documents of an organization in order to attest to the accuracy of its financial statements. Large private and public enterprises also maintain an internal audit staff to conduct examinations concerned with operating efficiency and managerial effectiveness.
3. Income taxation is the second specialized area of accounting. Preparing an income tax form consists of collecting information and presenting data in a certain order; therefore, both individuals and businesses frequently hire accountants to determine their taxes.
4. Accounting for non-business organizations, such as universities, hospitals, churches, trade and professional associations is the third area of specialization. These organizations differ from business enterprises in that they do not have a profit orientation, and they have no defined ownership interests. As a result, these organizations have differences in record keeping, in accounting measurements, and in the format of their financial statements.
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When the financial documents of an organization are examined by an independent accountant in order to attest to the accuracy of its financial statements we can speak of … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Evaporated milk contains palm oil - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Medicine on the Internet
1. On the whole, the Internet has had a very positive effect on the practice of medicine; a wide range of information is available to physicians and patients through personal computers almost instantaneously at any time and from anywhere in the world. This medium holds enormous potential for delivering up-to-date information, practice guidelines, journal contents, textbooks, and direct communications with other physicians and specialists, thereby expanding the depth and breadth of information available to the physician about the diagnosis and care of patients.
2. Most medical journals are now accessible online, providing rapid and comprehensive sources of information. This medium also serves to lessen the information gap felt by physicians and health care providers in remote areas of the world by bringing them into direct and instant contact with the latest developments in medical care.
3. Patients, too, are turning to the Internet in increasing numbers to acquire information about their illnesses and therapies and to join Internet-based support groups. Physicians are increasingly faced with the prospect of dealing with patients who arrive with sophisticated information about their illness. In this regard, physicians are challenged in a positive way to keep themselves abreast of the latest relevant information while serving as an «editor» for the patients as they navigate through this seemingly endless source of information.
4. A critically important caveat is that virtually anything can be published on the Internet, with easy circumvention of the peer-review process that is an essential feature of quality publications. Physicians or patients who search the Internet for medical information must be aware of this danger. Notwithstanding this limitation, appropriate use of the Internet is revolutionizing information access for physicians and patients and in this regard is a great benefit that was not available to our predecessors.
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The Internet is a very convenient means of getting necessary information for the patients and doctors as … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
American Penny Press
1. The penny press, which emerged in the United States during the 1830's, was a powerful agent of mass communication. These newspapers were little dailies, generally four pages in length, written for the mass taste. They differed from the staid, formal presentation of the conservative press, with its emphasis on political and literary topics. The new papers were brief and cheap, emphasizing sensational reports of police courts and juicy scandals as well as human interest stories. Twentieth-century journalism was already foreshadowed in the penny press of the 1830's.
2. The New York Sun, founded in 1833, was the first successful penny paper, and it was followed two years later by the New York Herald, published by James Gordon Bennett. Not long after, Horace Greeley issued the New York Tribune, which was destined to become the most influential paper in America. Greeley gave space to the issues that deeply touched the American people before the Civil War – abolitionism, temperance, free homesteads, Utopian cooperative settlements, and the problems of labor. The weekly edition of the Tribune, with 100,000 subscribers, had a remarkable influence in rural areas, especially in Western communities.
3. Americans were reputed to be the most avid readers of periodicals in the world. An English observer enviously calculated that, in 1829, the number of newspapers circulated in Great Britain was enough to reach only one out of every thirty-six inhabitants weekly. Pennsylvania in that same year had a newspaper circulation which reached one out of every four inhabitants weekly. Statistics seemed to justify the common belief that Americans were devoted to periodicals. Newspapers in the United States increased from 1,200 in 1833 to 3,000 by the early 1860's, on the eve of the Civil War. This far exceeded the number and circulation of newspapers in England and France.
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Horace Greeley was … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A socialist economy is not so effective as a market economy - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The two main types of city management in the USA - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The H-4 Hercules flew only once - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
First English Newspapers
1. The first regular newspaper in England – that is, one periodically published – was started in 1622. It was called the Weekly News. Averaging twenty-two pages, this and others like it, were appropriately called news-books. Besides foreign news, which was copied from similar publications in France and Holland, they contained local information: accounts of murders, accidents, witch burnings, monsters and miracles. It wouldn't be wrong to assume that in those days the investigation of news at the source and the checking of facts must have never been part of the news-gathering procedure.
2. It was almost immediately seen by the authorities that political news was a power that could agitate the people or pacify them. So early in the 16th century press censorship was introduced in England. It was a well-exercised part of the crown's prerogative: the activities of the newspapermen were checked and the press was severely restricted.
3. In the 17th century the only periodical of any account was the London Gazette, a bi-weekly court paper. It was started as the Oxford Gazette in 1665 when the court had to move to Oxford on account of London plague, The London Gazette has come down to the present time. It carries official announcements such as acts of Parliament, promotions and appointments, etc. Most other papers of the 17th century were ruthlessly put down.
4. After the so-called Glorious Revolution of 1688 the press censorship was relaxed, being finally abandoned in 1693, and a number of newspapers came into being. In 1702 appeared the Daily Courant, the first English daily, a single-sheet, two-column small paper, printed on one side only. It must have quickly gained popularity, for soon it had to add another page, and, along with foreign news, it began to publish local information and advertisements.
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Press censorship was introduced in England early in the 16th century in order to … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A military version of the small two-seater Piper J3 was used for observation and training