Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами сопоставления
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What did the introduction of grooves in the concrete field help to improve - Ответьте на вопрос
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What conclusion has the contradiction between trademark rights and technology led to - Ответьте на вопрос
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What is weaving closely related to - Ответьте на вопрос:
Why did academies play an important part in young artist education - Ответьте на вопрос:
Why did Mr Howarht plead guilty - Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the broad meaning of the word “humanism” - Ответьте на вопрос:
What makes it difficult for OCR to recognize a digital camera image - Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the advantage of radiation therapy in treating tumours compared to other methods - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Grundlagen des Maschinenbaus
1. Der Maschinenbau ist eine ganze Reihe von Industriezweigen, die mit der Produktion von Maschinen, Werkzeugmaschinen, Geräten, Vorrichtungen, verschiedenen Werkzeugen für Volkswirtschaft, Transportmittel beschäftigt sind. Die Hauptaufgabe bei der Herstellung eines beliebigen Werkzeuges ist das Erreichen von hohen technischen und Betriebskennzeichnungen. Die wichtigsten von denen sind: Leistungsfähigkeit, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Festigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit.
2. Die Bedeutung jedes von den genannten Faktoren hängt von der Bestimmung, vom Ziel einer Maschine ab, weil an der ersten Stelle die Produktivität, die Zuverlässigkeit, der Automatisierungsgrad stehen. Unter der Maschine ist die Maschine zu verstehen, die zur Herstellung der Produktivitätswerkzeuge ausgenutzt wird.
3. In den Metallbearbeitungsmaschinen sind es: Produktivität, Präzision der Bearbeitung, der Umfang der zu erfüllenden Operationen. In den Geräten sind es: die Genauigkeit, die Empfindlichkeit, die Stabilität der Angaben. In der Transporttechnik, besonders im Flugzeugbau und Raketentechnik sind es: das geringe Gewicht und der hohe Wirkungsgrad des Motors.
4. Eine große Bedeutung im Maschinenbau hat die Ökonomik. Mit der Lösung der individuellen Kennziffern denkt der Maschinenbauer schon für jedes Erzeugnis gründlich über die Fragen der Erhöhung des Nutzeffekts, der Steigerung der Lebensdauer, der Senkung der Selbstkosten.
Установите соответствие между приведенными утверждениями и абзацами текста:
a) Die Ökonomik ist von großer Bedeutung im Maschinenbau
b) Die Faktoren hängen vom Ziel einer Maschine ab
c) Im Maschinenbau sind viele Industriezweige dargestellt
d) Die Stabilität der Angaben, die Genauigkeit sind wichtige Faktoren für ein beliebiges Gerät - Ответьте на вопрос:
When did hospitals get separation from the church - Ответьте на вопрос:
What does the term “clinic” mean - Ответьте на вопрос
What is the advantage of hydraulic systems - Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the main task of amateur radio operators during natural disasters - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Entwicklungsländer
1. Der gebräuchlichste Maβstab zur Messung des Lebensstandards von Staaten ist das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen oder das Sozialprodukt je Einwohner, das die Wirtschaftsleistung ausdrückt. Entwicklungsländer sind danach solche, in denen das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen nicht mehr als ein Viertel des Einkommens der Industrieländer beträgt.
2. Weil das Sozialprodukt als alleinige Maßgröße viele Mängel aufweist, müssen weitere Kriterien zur Kennzeichnung eines Entwicklungslandes herangezogen werden, z.B. Bildungsstand, technische Entwicklung, Nahrungsmittelversorgung, Arbeitslosenzahl, Infrastruktur usw.
3. Man spricht von einem Nord-Süd-Gefälle und einem West-Ost-Gefälle in der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung, weil sich die meisten Entwicklungsländer in südlichen und östlichen Teilen der Welt (Asien, Afrika, Südamerika) befinden. Äußerlichen Ausdruck fand die Konfrontation zwischen Industrieländern und Entwicklungsländern als „Nord-Süd-Konflikt“ mit der so genannten Erdölkrise zu Beginn der 70er Jahre.
4. Die Entwicklungsländer forderten eine neue Weltwirtschaftsordnung, die ihnen eine günstigere finanzielle Lage gewährleistete. Dies sind auch noch ihre heutigen Forderungen, denn bislang ist nur wenig realisiert worden. Die Forderungen werden meist im Rahmen der UNCTAD-Konferenz (Welthandelskonferenz) vertreten.
Соотнесите следующие утверждения с абзацами текста:
a) In der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung gibt es ein Nord-Süd-Gefälle und ein West-Ost-Gefälle.
b) Zur Messung des Lebensstandards wird das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen benutzt.
c) Es werden mehrere Kriterien zur Kennzeichnung eines Entwicklungslandes benutzt.
d) Die Forderungen der Entwicklungsländer über die neue Weltwirtschaftsordnung sind bis jetzt nicht völlig realisiert worden - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Was jeder einzelne für den Schutz der Umwelt tun kann
1. Jedes Produkt belastet die Umwelt. Sei es bei der Rohstoffgewinnung, der Produktion, dem Vertrieb, dem Gebrauch oder bei der Beseitigung. Wenn man alle Stationen berücksichtigt, die ein Produkt im Laufe seines Produktlebens durchläuft, dann stellt man sehr schnell fest, dass es weder ein umweltunschädliches noch ein umweltfreundliches Produkt geben kann.
2. Wie können wir helfen, die Umweltsituation zu verbessern? Es gibt Möglichkeiten, verschiedene vergleichbare Produkte, wie z.B. Autos oder Farben, auf ihre Umweltbelastung hin zu untersuchen und oft erhebliche Unterschiede festzustellen.
3. Spezielle Zeichen, wie etwa der „Blaue Umweltengel“, kennzeichnen Produkte, die über vergleichsweise günstige Umwelteigenschaften verfügen, z.B.:
weil das Produkt bestimmte Schadstoffe nicht oder nur noch in geringen Mengen enthält oder an die Umwelt abgibt;
weil das Produkt aus Altstoffen hergestellt wurde;
weil ein Produkt leiser ist.
4. Produkte sind lebensnotwendig, Müll – nicht. Deshalb sind wir auch bemüht, unseren Müll so schnell wie möglich loszuwerden, obwohl in ihm wertvolle Rohstoffe stecken: Papier, Glass, Kunststoffe, Metalle. Diese Rohstoffe verwendet man, um neue Produkte herzustellen.
Соотнесите следующие утверждения с абзацами текста:
a) Alte Produkte können verarbeitet werden.
b) Auf vergleichbarer Grundlage kann man ein weniger umweltschädliches Produkt auswählen.
c) Es gibt kein umweltunschädliches Produkt.
d) Das spezielle Zeichen gilt für Produkte, die über umweltfreundliche Eigenschaften verfügen. - Ответьте на вопрос
Which notion has broader meaning: performing arts or performance art - Ответьте на вопрос
Which part of the museum attracts visitors most of all - Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the purpose of forest management - Ответьте на вопрос
What slowed down introduction of the new method of typesetting in the mid of the last century - Ответьте на вопрос:
Why is hovering a helicopter compared to balancing yourself while standing on a large beach ball - Ответьте на вопрос
Why do films make a great impression on audience - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
General objectives of teaching
1. The classification of the general objectives of teaching in terms of school subject matter is not sufficient to explain the ultimate ends of education. These include, essentially, the promotion of a well-integrated person capable of taking a responsible, active role in society. With such a purpose in mind, one may achieve more insight by choosing a psychological analysis of the objectives into the attainment of intellectual abilities and social insights (cognition), the learning of practical active skills (psychomotor learning), and the development of emotions, attitudes, and values (affective learning).
2. Cognitive growth begins at the level of the infant school, with the acquisition of early language and numerical capabilities, and continues increasingly to dominate education to the secondary and higher levels. But the learner is more than an enlarging reservoir of information. With this acquisition goes a growing power to generalize, abstract, infer, interpret, explain, apply, and create. Cognitive training produces a thinker–observer aware of the modes of thought and judgment making up human intellectual activity. In the final stages, the teacher aims at a thinker, critic, organizer, and creator.
3. The permeation of emotional learning throughout the whole educative process is not always obvious, in part because very often it is brought about incidentally. Teachers may be self-conscious and self-critical about the deliberate inculcation of emotional responses, which will provide the energy and a mainspring of social life.
4. The acquisition and application of values and attitudes are most marked by the time of adolescence and dominate the general life of the young individual. Theoretical, aesthetic, social, economic, political, hedonistic, and religious values pervade the school curriculum. Literature, art, the humanities, and religious teaching are all directly involved, and the teaching of science and mathematics can bring about a positive attitude toward cognitive and theoretical values.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
Young peoples’ cognitive and theoretical values are being developed through the school program of study - Ответьте на вопрос
What are the conventional properties of the layers - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ASSEMBLY LINE
1. An assembly line is industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of workpieces in mass-production operations. It is designed by determining the sequences of operations for manufacture of each product component as well as the final product. Each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible. Work assignments, numbers of machines, and production rates are programmed so that all operations performed along the line are compatible.
2. An automotive assembly line starts with a bare chassis; components are attached successively as the growing assemblage moves along a conveyor. Parts are matched into subassemblies on feeder lines that intersect the main line to deliver body parts, engines, and other assemblies. As the units move past, each worker along the line performs a specific function. Each part and tool is delivered to its point of use in synchronisation with the line. A number of different assemblies are on the line simultaneously, but an intricate system of scheduling and control ensures that the appropriate body type and colour, trim, engine, and optional equipment arrive together to make the desired combinations.
3. Automated assembly lines consist entirely of machines run by machines. In such continuous-process industries as petroleum refining and chemical manufacture and in many modern automobile-engine plants, assembly lines are completely mechanised and consist almost entirely of automatic, self-regulating equipment.
4. Most products, however, are still assembled by hand because many component parts are not easily handled by a simple mechanism. The number of products automatically assembled is steadily increasing but at a low rate because a product must be designed for automatic assembly and must be accurately and consistently manufactured. Expensive and somewhat inflexible, automatic assembly machines are economical only if run at very high outputs. However, the development of versatile automatic machinery and industrial robots is increasing the flexibility of fully automated assembly operations.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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Why are most products still assembled by hand - Ответьте на вопрос
What is the weak point of a software firewall - Ответьте на вопрос
What invention inspired the development of computerized information systems - Ответьте на вопрос
What is the advantage of hydraulic systems - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTERS
1. Personal computer is a computer designed for use by only one person at a time. It is a type of microcomputer - i.e., a small digital computer that uses only one microprocessor. A typical personal computer assemblage consists of a central processing unit, primary, or internal, memory, consisting of hard magnetic disks and a disk drive; various input/output devices, including a display screen, keyboard and mouse, modem, and printer; and secondary, or external, memory, usually in the form of floppy disks or CDs.
2. Computers small and inexpensive enough to be purchased by individuals for use in their homes first became feasible in the 1970s, when large-scale integration made it possible to construct a sufficiently powerful microprocessor on a single semiconductor chip. A small firm named MITS made the first personal computer, the Altair. This computer, which used the Intel Corporation's 8080 microprocessor, was developed in 1974. Though the Altair was popular among computer hobbyists, its commercial appeal was limited, since purchasers had to assemble the machine from a kit.
3. The personal computer industry truly began in 1977, when Apple Computer, Inc. introduced the Apple II, one of the first pre-assembled, mass-produced personal computers. Radio Shack and Commodore Business Machines also introduced personal computers that year. These machines used 8-bit microprocessors and possessed rather limited memory capacity. But because personal computers were much less expensive than mainframes, they could be purchased by individuals, small and medium-sized businesses, and primary and secondary schools.
4. The IBM Corporation, the world's dominant computer maker, did not enter the new market until 1981, when it introduced the IBM Personal Computer, or IBM PC which was only slightly faster than rival machines, but it had about 10 times their memory capacity, and it was backed by IBM's large sales organization.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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What company was the first to introduce a personal computer - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Gifted education
1. Gifted education (also known as Gifted and Talented Education (GATE), Talented and Gifted (TAG), is a broad term for special practices, procedures and theories used in the education of children who have been identified as gifted or talented. There is no standard global definition of what a gifted student is.
2. Appropriateness of forms of gifted education is the most hotly debated aspect among educators. Some people believe that gifted education resources lack availability and flexibility. They feel that in the alternate methods of gifted education, the gifted students "miss out" on having a "normal" childhood, at least insofar as "normal childhood" is defined as attending school in a mixed-ability classroom. Others believe that gifted education allows gifted students to interact with peers that are on their level, be adequately challenged, and leaves them better equipped to take on the challenges of life.
3. While giftedness is seen as an academic advantage, psychologically it can pose other challenges for the gifted individual. A person who is intellectually advanced may or may not be advanced in other areas. Each individual student needs to be evaluated for physical, social, and emotional skills without the traditional prejudices which prescribe either "compensatory" weaknesses or "matching" advancement in these areas. A person with significant academic talents often finds it difficult to fit in with schoolmates. These pressures often wane during adulthood, but they can leave a significant negative impact on emotional development.
4. Social pressures can cause children to "play down" their intelligence in an effort to blend in with other students. "Playing down" is seen somewhat more frequently in socially acute adolescents. This behavior is usually discouraged by educators when they recognize it. Unfortunately, the very educators who want these children to challenge themselves and to embrace their gifts and talents are often the same people who are forced to discourage them in a mixed-ability classroom, through mechanisms like refusing to call on the talented student in class so that typical students have an opportunity to participate.
(Encyclopedia Wikipedia)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
Gifted students often experience difficulties interacting with their classmates - Ответьте на вопрос
What is percept - Ответьте на вопрос:
What is special in hospitals - Ответьте на вопрос:
Why is the definition of the biological development disputable - Ответьте на вопрос:
Why is an electrical charge of molecules an important property for biochemical studies - Ответьте на вопрос
What is the physiological foundation of memory connected with - Ответьте на вопрос
What do different forms of art have in common - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ENGINEERING
1. Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The word engine is derived from the Latin root ingenerare, which means «to create». The engines of war were devices such as catapults, floating bridges, and assault towers; their designer was the «engineer», or military engineer. The counterpart of the military engineer was the civil engineer, who applied essentially the same knowledge and skills to designing buildings, streets, water supplies, sewage systems, and other projects.
2. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematised knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis.
3. Unlike the scientist, the engineer is not free to select the problem that interests him; he must solve problems as they arise; his solution must satisfy conflicting requirements. Usually efficiency costs money; safety adds to complexity; improved performance increases weight. The engineering solution is the optimum solution, the end result that is most desirable. It may be the most reliable within a given weight limit, the simplest that will satisfy certain safety requirements, or the most efficient for a given cost. In many engineering problems the social costs are significant.
4. Engineers employ two types of natural resources - materials and energy. Materials are useful because of their properties: their strength, ease of fabrication, lightness, or durability; their ability to insulate or conduct; their chemical, electrical, or acoustical properties. Important sources of energy include fossil fuels, wind, sunlight, falling water, and nuclear fission. Since most resources are limited, the engineer must concern himself with the continual development of new resources as well as the efficient utilisation of existing ones.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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What is meant by «engineering solution» - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
1. The future of information systems may be gathered from several areas of current research. As all information carriers (text, video, and sound) can be converted to digital form and manipulated by increasingly sophisticated techniques, the ranges of media, functions, and capabilities of information systems are constantly expanding. Evolving techniques of natural-language processing and understanding, knowledge representation, and neural process modelling have begun to join the more traditional range of methods of content analysis and manipulation. The use of these techniques opens the possibility of receiving new knowledge from existing data.
2. Computer visualisation, a new field that has grown expansively since the early 1990s, deals with the conversion of masses of data coming from instruments, databases, or computer simulations into visual displays - the most efficient method of human information reception, analysis, and exchange.
3. Related to computer visualisation is the research area of virtual reality or virtual worlds, which denotes the generation of synthetic environments through the use of three-dimensional displays and interaction devices. A number of research directions in this area are particularly relevant to future information systems: knowledge-based world modelling; the development of physical analogues for abstract quantitative and organisational data; and search and retrieval in large virtual worlds.
4. Present-day computers are remarkably versatile machines capable of assisting humans in nearly every problem-solving task that involves symbol manipulations. Television, on the other hand, has penetrated societies throughout the world as a noninteractive display device for combined video and audio signals. The forthcoming convergence of three digital technologies - namely, the computer, very-high-definition television (V-HDTV), and data communications - is inevitable. In such a system, a large-screen multimedia display monitor, containing a 64-megabit primary memory and a billion-byte hard disk for data storage and playback, would serve as a computer and, over fibre links, an interactive television receiver.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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What does “virtual reality” mean - Ответьте на вопрос:
What does the term .clinic. mean - Ответьте на вопрос
Why did Mr Howarht plead guilty - Ответьте на вопрос:
What were the reasons for more Britons being able to take a holiday away from home - Ответьте на вопрос
What is the difference between spoken and written language - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Basement Construction Hints
1. Many people find a basement construction as a necessary part of a house building process while others think it does them practically no good. It is largely a matter of what a person is accustomed to. It is true that the volume of space added to a house by a basement is large, and the cost is small, but is the space usable and desirable, or is it largely waste?
2. Perhaps the basement construction is needed when you want a rumpus room, or game room, or den, or something of that kind. Then be sure to make the ceiling at least 8 feet high. It is easy to make a dry basement in well-drained soil or on high ground where a drain tile can be run around the outside of the basement, but in low, wet ground beware of a basement.
3. Should you build one or two stories? That depends largely on your experience and background and the custom of the locality where you live. This question must be settled before you begin to plan your house, as it will have a profound effect on your house plan. First, is your lot large enough to get all the house you want on one floor and still leave room enough for the outdoor activities you contemplate? Do you really want or need an upstairs? Many people like to sleep upstairs, because it gives them a greater feeling of security. If you have always slept upstairs, you feel more exposed on the main floor. By putting high windows in the bedroom you can partly protect yourself from this exposed feeling on the main floor.
4. Most new subdivisions in the West are being built on the one-story plan. Much depends on local conditions and customs. In hot dry sections, where it would seem that basements would be ideal, they are seldom used, while in wet, damp sections, where basement construction may be a problem, they are used extensively. This is not to say that you do not need the storeroom any more, though every house needs a storeroom, complete with shelves, hooks, and every convenience to store and classify all materials and possessions; 12' x 20' in size, the size of a garage, ought to be large enough for most families, if they carefully scrutinize the things they store to make sure they are worth storing and get rid of the things not worth keeping.
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
If you need a room where you can dance or have a rest then you should build a basement - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
BIOSPHERE
1. The biosphere is the part of the earth, including air, land, surface rocks, and water, within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. This biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning through a process of biogenesis or biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.
2. The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875, which he defined as: The place on earth's surface where life dwells.The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s when Vladimir Vernadsky defined ecology as the science of the biosphere. In 1935 Arthur Tansley introduced the term "ecosystem". It is an interdisciplinary concept for integrating astronomy, geophysics, meteorology, biogeography, evolution, geology, geochemistry, hydrology and, generally speaking, all life and earth sciences.
3. Some life scientists and earth scientists use biosphere in a more limited sense. For example, geochemists define the biosphere as being the total sum of living organisms (the "biomass" or "biota" as referred to by biologists and ecologists). In this sense, the biosphere is but one of four separate components of the geochemical model, the other three being lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The narrow meaning used by geochemists is one of the consequences of specialization in modern science. Some might prefer the word ecosphere, coined in the 1960s, as all encompassing of both biological and physical components of the planet.
4. The Second International Conference on Closed Life Systems defined biospherics as the science and technology of analogs and models of Earth's biosphere; i.e., artificial Earth-like biospheres. Others may include the creation of artificial non-Earth biospheres in the field of biospherics.
From Wikipedia
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What do all the scientists connect ‘biosphere’ with - Ответьте на вопрос
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What do all the scientists connect ‘biosphere’ with? - Ответьте на вопрос:
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What did Horace Mann advocate