Тема Изучающее чтение с выделением главных компонентов содержания текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Was jeder einzelne für den Schutz der Umwelt tun kann
1. Jedes Produkt belastet die Umwelt. Sei es bei der Rohstoffgewinnung, der Produktion, dem Vertrieb, dem Gebrauch oder bei der Beseitigung. Wenn man alle Stationen berücksichtigt, die ein Produkt im Laufe seines Produktlebens durchläuft, dann stellt man sehr schnell fest, dass es weder ein umweltunschädliches noch ein umweltfreundliches Produkt geben kann.
2. Wie können wir helfen, die Umweltsituation zu verbessern? Es gibt Möglichkeiten, verschiedene vergleichbare Produkte, wie z.B. Autos oder Farben, auf ihre Umweltbelastung hin zu untersuchen und oft erhebliche Unterschiede festzustellen.
3. Spezielle Zeichen, wie etwa der „Blaue Umweltengel“, kennzeichnen Produkte, die über vergleichsweise günstige Umwelteigenschaften verfügen, z.B.:
weil das Produkt bestimmte Schadstoffe nicht oder nur noch in geringen Mengen enthält oder an die Umwelt abgibt;
weil das Produkt aus Altstoffen hergestellt wurde;
weil ein Produkt leiser ist.
4. Produkte sind lebensnotwendig, Müll – nicht. Deshalb sind wir auch bemüht, unseren Müll so schnell wie möglich loszuwerden, obwohl in ihm wertvolle Rohstoffe stecken: Papier, Glass, Kunststoffe, Metalle. Diese Rohstoffe verwendet man, um neue Produkte herzustellen.
Определите основную идею текста: - Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Digital electronics
1. Computers understand only two numbers, 0 and 1, and do all their arithmetic operations in this binary mode. Many electrical and electronic devices have two states: they are either off or on. Because computers have been a major application for integrated circuits from their beginning, digital integrated circuits have become commonplace. It has thus become easy to design electronic systems that use digital language to control their functions and to communicate with other systems.
2. A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream of digital signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected. An example is the sound from a phonograph record, which always contains some extraneous sound from the surface of the recording groove even when the record is new. Contrast this with the sound from a digital compact disc recording. The disc and the player contain error-correcting features that remove any incorrect pulses (perhaps arising from dust on the disc) from the information as it is read from the disc.
3. As electronic systems become more complex, it is essential that errors produced by noise be removed; otherwise, the systems may malfunction. Many electronic systems are required to operate in electrically noisy environments, such as in an automobile. The only practical way to assure immunity from noise is to make such a system operate digitally.
4. Any electrical system generates some noise, and all electronic systems are to some degree susceptible to disturbance from noise. The noise may be conducted along wires connected to the system, or it may be radiated through the air. Care is necessary in the design of systems to limit the amount of noise that is generated and to shield the system properly to protect it from external noise sources.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The education of maladjusted children
1. Maladjusted children are those who are unable to form good relationships with other children because of problems in their character and behaviour. Socially and emotionally maladjusted children are referred for special programs by parents or by teachers when they find it difficult to manage the child at home or in school.
2. Autistic children make a separate part of maladjusted children. Autism is a severe mental illness that affects children and prevents them from communicating with other children or people. Psychiatrists together with social workers and teachers, determine the eligibility of maladjusted and autistic children for special programs. Children with learning disabilities are assessed by psychoeducational diagnosticians, who through educational and psychological diagnostic tests determine the child’s potential for learning and his level of achievement.
3. Psychotherapy and behaviour modification by psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers are generally a part of mental illness, for example depression, by talking to maladjusted children and discussing their problems rather than using drugs or medical treatment. Behaviour modification means the control of behaviour in which desired behaviours are rewarded, and vice versa, undesirable ones are punished. Behaviour modification helps teachers shape individual behaviour toward some desired effect and control behaviour in classrooms.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ENTRER DANS UN CERCLE VERTUEUX, EVITER LE CERCLE VICIEUX
1. Le manager doit construire un cercle vertueux entre deux formes de pouvoir en évitant le cercle vicieux. Un dirigeant charismatique exerce un pouvoir personnel sur les salariés de l’entreprise qu’il dirige. En revanche, au sein du comité de direction, il fait plutôt preuve d’autorité en se montrant très directif. Du coup, aux yeux de ses proches collaborateurs, il est beaucoup moins charismatique. Si on alloue un pouvoir statutaire au manager, c’est bien pour qu’il s’en serve. On compte sur lui pour « sortir des cartons rouges » quand ses collaborateurs « dépassent la ligne jaune ».
2. Le manager exerce son leadership sur des personnes sur lesquelles il exerce aussi un pouvoir statutaire. Le manager doit être capable de ne pas faire plaisir, de mettre des limites, de dire « non » et donc de frustrer,… Cela n’est pas forcément incompatible avec sa capacité à faire en sorte que ses collaborateurs prennent du plaisir en travaillant (un des quatre éléments de la mobilisation avec le sens, l’apprentissage et l’appartenance). Il lui faut être capable de faire les deux, parfois simultanément. Pour cela, il doit savoir utiliser son pouvoir statutaire sans en abuser et sans culpabiliser. Cela exige également une attitude différente de sa part face à la question du pouvoir.
3. Son management passe moins par la limitation des degrés de liberté que par la capacité à exploiter la dynamique qui en résulte. Le manager qui développe son pouvoir personnel est celui qui donne la possibilité à ses collaborateurs d’accroître leur pouvoir, souvent organisationnel, et d’utiliser ce dernier pour atteindre leurs objectifs et satisfaire leurs besoins.
4. Le manager leader valorise le pouvoir de ses collaborateurs et inscrit la relation de pouvoir non pas dans un jeu à somme nulle (ce que l’un gagne, l’autre le perd), mais dans un jeu à somme non nulle (in fine, les deux parties sont gagnantes).
http://www.questions-de-management.com/comment-accompagner-les-managers-dans-le-developpement-de-leur-leadership/
Основной идей текста является … - Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Botany
1. Botany is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants, algae and fungi, including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary relationships between taxonomic groups. Today botanists study over 550,000 species of living organisms.
2. The study of plants is vital as they are a fundamental part of life on Earth, which generates oxygen, food, fibres, fuel and medicine that allow humans and other life forms to exist. Through photosynthesis, plants absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that in large amounts can affect global climate. Additionally, plants allow us to produce food to feed an expanding population, produce medicine and materials, understand environmental changes more clearly.
3. Virtually all foods eaten come from plants, either directly from staple foods and other fruit and vegetables, or indirectly through livestock or other animals, which rely on plants for their nutrition. Plants are the fundamental base of nearly all food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be consumed and utilized by animals.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
What is a crime?
1. Crime is a part of public law — the law regulating the relations between citizens and the state. Crimes are acts which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state. There are some acts which are crimes in one country but not in another. For example, it is a crime to drink alcohol in Saudi Arabia, but not in Egypt. It is a crime to smoke marijuana in England, but not (in prescribed places) in the Netherlands. It is a crime to have more than one wife at the same time in France, but not in Indonesia.
2. In general, however, there is quite a lot of agreement among states as to which acts are criminal. A visitor to a foreign country can be sure that stealing, physically attacking someone or damaging their property will be unlawful. But the way of dealing with people suspected of crime may be different from his own country.
3. In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it. The suspect himself need not prove anything, although he will of course help himself if he can show evidence of his innocence. The state must prove his guilt according to high standards and there are elements that must be proved. In codified systems, these elements are usually recorded in statutes. In common law systems, the elements of some crimes are detailed in statutes; others, known as "common law crimes", are still described mostly in case law.
4. There are usually two important elements to a crime: (1) the criminal act itself; and (2) the criminal state of mind of the person when he committed the act. In Anglo-American law these are known by the Latin terms of (1) Actus Reus and (2) Mens Rea.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
A Radar System
1. A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called radar signals in predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected and/or scattered in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially well by materials of considerable electrical conductivity – especially by most metals, by seawater, by wet land, and by wetlands. The radar signals that are reflected back towards the transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar work. If the object is moving either closer or farther away, there is a slight change in the frequency of the radio waves, due to the Doppler effect.
2. Radar receivers are usually, but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the reflected radar signals captured by the receiving antenna are usually very weak, these signals can be strengthened by the electronic amplifiers that all radar sets contain. The weak absorption of radio waves by the medium through which it passes is what enables radar sets to detect objects at relatively-long ranges – ranges at which other electromagnetic wavelengths, such as visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet light, are too strongly attenuated. In particular, there are weather conditions under which radar works well regardless of the weather. Such things as fog, clouds, rain, falling snow, and sleet that block visible light are usually transparent to radio waves.
3. Finally, radar relies on its own transmissions, rather than light from the Sun or the Moon, or from electromagnetic waves emitted by the objects themselves, such as infrared wavelengths (heat). This process of directing artificial radio waves towards objects is called illumination, regardless of the fact that radio waves are completely invisible to the human eye or cameras.
Определите основную идею текста. - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Solid
1. Solid is one of the major states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice or irregularly one.
2. The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
3. The forces between the atoms in a solid can take a variety of forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metallic bonding. Some solids, particularly most organic compounds, are held together with van der Waals forces resulting from the polarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of a solid result from the differences between their bonding.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текст
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Ancient Greek Architecture
1. The ambition of the ancient Greek architects was to discover eternally valid rules of form and proportion; to erect buildings human in scale yet suited to the divinity of their gods; to create, in other words, a classically ideal architecture. Their success may be measured by the fact that their works have been copied on and off for some 2,500 years and have never been superseded. The Greek derived much from other Mediterranean civilizations – the plan of the temple from Crete, the columnar form from Egypt, the capital from Assyria.
2. One of the greatest monuments of ancient Greek architecture is the Athenian Acropolis. The Acropolis, the Greek for upper town, stands on a low rocky hill and contains the ruins of several ancient Greek architectural monuments.
3. The Parthenon, a stately building with an eight – column facade honouring the goddess Athena, was built by Ictinus and Callicrates in 447-438 B.C. Next to the Parthenon is an Ionic temple of Athena, the Erechtheum, built by anonymous architect in 421-406 B.C. In has the unparalleled portrayal of a contemporary event on the frieze of the building. It also had to serve different cults, which meant that its architect had to design a building with three porches and three different floor levels.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста