Тема Изучающее чтение с выделением главных компонентов содержания текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Ecology
1. Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. The habitat of an organism can be described as the local abiotic factors such as climate and ecology, in addition to the other organisms and biotic factors that share its environment.
2. One reason that biological systems can be difficult to study is that so many different interactions with other organisms and the environment are possible, even on the smallest of scales. A microscopic bacterium responding to a local sugar gradient is responding to its environment as much as a lion is responding to its environment when it searches for food in the African savanna. For any given species, behaviors can be co-operative, aggressive, parasitic, or symbiotic. Matters become more complex when two or more different species interact in an ecosystem. Studies of this type are within the province of ecology.
3. Ecological systems are studied at several different levels, from individuals and populations to ecosystems and the biosphere. The term population biology is often used interchangeably with population ecology, although population biology is more frequently used when studying diseases, viruses, and microbes, while population ecology is more commonly when studying plants and animals. As can be surmised, ecology is a science that draws on several disciplines.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Organ transplantation
1. Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the patient's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called autografts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts.
2. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed closely by the liver and then the heart. The cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, or brain dead. Tissue may be recovered from donors who are cardiac dead – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be «banked».
3. Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of transplant rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of immunosuppressant drugs.
Основной идеей текста является … - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Planted forests
1. Planted forests worldwide are increasingly important sources for forest products produced within sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly contexts. They also play a major role in preserving the social and cultural values attached to forests, particularly as natural forests decrease in size through deforestation (mainly in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics) or are designated for conservation or other purposes (mainly in developed countries in temperate zones).
2. Recently there have been concerted efforts to harmonize forest-related terms and definitions. At this point in time, it can be agreed that "planted forests" are forests in which trees have been established through planting or seeding by human intervention. Planted forests are increasingly being recognized as including semi-natural forests with indigenous species and plantation forests with exotic species.
3. Planted forests are often intensively managed for production purposes, but they may also be established for purposes of protection or conservation, or for socio-economic reasons, in which case management may be less obvious or intensive. The distinction is important for global assessments that attempt to capture the extent of productive, protective, conservational or socio-economic functions of forests, which are key criteria for sustainable forest management.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текст
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Thermal radiation
1. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. The mechanism is that bodies with a temperature above absolute zero have atoms or molecules with kinetic energies which are changing, and these changes result in charge-acceleration and/or dipole oscillation of the charges that compose the atoms. This motion of charges produces electromagnetic radiation in the usual way. However, the side spectrum of this radiation reflects the wide spectrum of energies and accelerations of the charges in any piece of matter at even a single temperature.
2. Examples of thermal radiation include the visible light and infrared light emitted by an incandescent light bulb, the infrared radiation emitted by animals and detectable with an infrared camera, and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Thermal radiation is different from thermal convection and thermal conduction – a person near a raging bonfire feels radiant heating from the fire, even if the surrounding air is very cold.
3. Sunlight is thermal radiation generated by the hot plasma of the Sun. The Earth also emits thermal radiation, but at a much lower intensity and different spectral distribution (infrared rather than visible) because it is cooler. The Earth's absorption of solar radiation, followed by its outgoing thermal radiation are the two most important processes that determine the temperature and climate of the Earth.
Основной идеей текста является … - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
World Bank
1. World Bank or International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is a multinational institution set up in 1947 to provide economic aid to member countries - mainly developing countries – to strengthen their economics. The Bank has supported a wide range of long-term investments including infrastructure projects such as roads, telecommunications and electricity supply; agriculture and industrial projects including the establishment of new industries, as well as social, training and educational programmes.
2. The Bank's funds come largely from the developed countries, but it also raises money on international capital markets. The Bank operates according to 'business principles' lending at commercial rates of interest only to those governments it feels are capable of servicing and repaying their debts.
3. In 1960, however, it established an affiliate agency, the International Development Association, to provide low-interest loans to its poorer members. Another affiliate of the World Bank is the International Finance Corporation which can invest directly in companies by acquiring shares.
Определите основную идею текста. - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Preservice education
1. The first stage of preservice education is the study of one or more principal subjects that the student is preparing to teach. For example, students in many colleges of education in England study only one principal subject, to which they devote about one-third of their total time. In the United States, the first two years of college or university work may include some principal subjects. Both patterns have their critics, the first because it produces narrow intellectual specialists, the second because it encourages dilettantism and inadequate depth.
2. The second stage of preservice education includes the study of philosophy, sociology, history of education, and educational psychology. These courses contribute to the student’s general education and personal development as well as providing him with knowledge of differences in individual educability or educational opportunity.
3. The third stage of preservice education includes the study of teaching methods, that is, the set of special methods and principles that are used when teaching a particular subject. 4. The last stage of preservice education is teaching practice, usually carried own in model schools attached to colleges or universities. For example, a typical model school for medical students is a teaching hospital, where they receive practical training from experienced doctors.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Early Russian Architecture
1. Russian borrowed its early architecture, like its icon painting, from Byzantium. From the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries early towns were built on defensive sites on high river banks. From afar were visible low white walls with towers, churches with brilliant domes and bell towers. The finest examples of traditional architecture can be seen in the towns of Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo and Sergiev Posad.
2. In Russia, timber has always been the most natural building material. Russian carpenters decorate the diverse structures they were building with beautiful carved decorations above windows and porches. One can see such decorations on log-cabins, fortress towers, huge cathedrals, churches and monasteries.
3. Wooden and masonry architecture developed side by side in medieval Russia, one stimulating and gratifying the love for verticality and slenderness, the other satisfying a yearning for massiveness, monumentality, and lavish decoration in the expression of power and splendour. The few remaining examples of the ancient wooden structures are now in Rostov and also in the museums of wooden buildings in Novgorod, Kostroma and Suzdal. These examples show the skill and gift of their builders to harmonize the building proper with the landscape. Wooden architecture predominates in Northern Russia and in some of the older settlements and towns of the Siberia, such as Tyumen.
Основной идеей текста является … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Competition and Market Conditions
1. Competition is the economic rivalry that occurs among businesses when producers in a given industry attempt to gain a larger share of the market. Economists use the term «market structure» to describe how competitive specific industries are. Perfect competition and pure monopoly are the opposite extremes of the market structure continuum.
2. Perfect competition has many sellers of the same product, while pure monopoly has only one. Perfect competition exists when there are many buyers and sellers, none of whom control prices. In contrast, pure monopoly exists when a single firm controls the total production or sale of a good or service.
3. The most competitive type of industry is that with perfect competition. Four conditions must be present in the market structure for perfect competition to exist.
First: a particular good or service must have many sellers and buyers available. In addition, each seller must account for just a small share of the overall sales in the market. The goal of these sellers is to attract enough buyers to their businesses to earn a profit.
Second: the good or service offered by one competing firm must be similar or identical to those offered by other firms. In such a situation, buyers may choose freely from the selection.
Third: buyers must have easy access to information on the products and prices available. This information allows buyers to make intelligent choices about which goods to purchase based on price and quality.
Fourth: entrance to and exit from the industry must be relatively easy and inexpensive. In a purely competitive market structure, firms can easily enter a profitable industry or leave an unprofitable one.
Основной идеей текста является … - Определите основную идею текст
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Grundlagen des Maschinenbaus
1. Der Maschinenbau ist eine ganze Reihe von Industriezweigen, die mit der Produktion von Maschinen, Werkzeugmaschinen, Geräten, Vorrichtungen, verschiedenen Werkzeugen für Volkswirtschaft, Transportmittel beschäftigt sind. Die Hauptaufgabe bei der Herstellung eines beliebigen Werkzeuges ist das Erreichen von hohen technischen und Betriebskennzeichnungen. Die wichtigsten von denen sind: Leistungsfähigkeit, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Festigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit.
2. Die Bedeutung jedes von den genannten Faktoren hängt von der Bestimmung, vom Ziel einer Maschine ab, weil an der ersten Stelle die Produktivität, die Zuverlässigkeit, der Automatisierungsgrad stehen. Unter der Maschine ist die Maschine zu verstehen, die zur Herstellung der Produktivitätswerkzeuge ausgenutzt wird.
3. In den Metallbearbeitungsmaschinen sind es: Produktivität, Präzision der Bearbeitung, der Umfang der zu erfüllenden Operationen. In den Geräten sind es: die Genauigkeit, die Empfindlichkeit, die Stabilität der Angaben. In der Transporttechnik, besonders im Flugzeugbau und Raketentechnik sind es: das geringe Gewicht und der hohe Wirkungsgrad des Motors.
4. Eine große Bedeutung im Maschinenbau hat die Ökonomik. Mit der Lösung der individuellen Kennziffern denkt der Maschinenbauer schon für jedes Erzeugnis gründlich über die Fragen der Erhöhung des Nutzeffekts, der Steigerung der Lebensdauer, der Senkung der Selbstkosten.
Определите основную идею текста: - Определите основную идею текст
- Определите основную идею текста