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LES SERVICES RESPONSABLES DE L’ORGANISATION
1. Les composantes internes relatives à la gestion de la qualité de l'organisation dont l'objet est l'amélioration des synergies (ou de la flexibilité) source de capital immatériel sont :
les employés (avec la gestion des ressources humaines gérant le capital humain)
les flux d'informations (avec l'urbanisation du système d'information et le management du système d'information)
les flux physiques, les bâtiments, les outils, etc. (par la logistique)
2. Toutes ces composantes doivent trouver une satisfaction dans leur association, elles doivent travailler en symbiose autour du projet entrepreneurial et y trouver, toutes, un avantage important. C’est une sorte de « contrat social » incarné par l’entreprise. Ceci est vrai à toute échelle collective, aussi bien au niveau de l’entreprise elle-même (regroupant tous les collaborateurs) que du service (regroupant certains collaborateurs) et de chaque employé.
3. Cela signifie aussi que tout le monde est dans le même bateau. Si quelqu’un fait un trou dans la coque, tout le monde écope, tout le monde trinque et, éventuellement, tout le monde coule. Cela signifie aussi que lorsque quelqu’un fait mal son travail, ce sont les autres qui doivent le faire à sa place, voire qui peuvent pâtir de sa non performance (ex. : mauvais prélèvement des produits dans une commande, problèmes informatiques initiant des erreurs de facturation, commandes bloquées, etc.). Tout le monde en supporte les conséquences. L’entreprise appartient aussi bien aux actionnaires qu’aux employés, même si les actionnaires en sont les propriétaires légaux, et cela implique une certaine équité.
4. Pour cela, chaque profit de l’entreprise doit être partagé entre chaque composante interne : les actionnaires, les salariés, du PDG à l’ouvrier, le renouvellement des machines ou l'implémentation de systèmes d'information... Cela sans léser les composantes externes : satisfaire le client et ne pas décourager les fournisseurs.
fr.wikipedia.org
Основной идей текста является … - Определите основную идею текста
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Magna Carta
1. At the heart of the English system are two principles of government – limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, that King John signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war.
2. Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. In 1199, 1201, and 1205 John's barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215.
3. The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent. Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties, and is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.
Основной идеей текста является … - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текст
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
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Building Construction
1. Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable such as leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.
2. Another trend is quest for buildings of greater height and span. It was possible by the development of stronger building materials and by knowledge of how materials behave and how to exploit them to greater advantage. The third trend involves the degree of control exercised over the interior environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, air speed.
3. All factors that affect human comfort become possible. A modern trend is change in energy of the construction progress, starting with human muscle power and developing toward the powerful machinery.
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Personality
1. In long-term studies of personality, some of the most core parts of personality remain stable throughout life. Three aspects that do tend to change as we age are anxiety levels, friendliness and eagerness for novel experiences. According to researcher Paul T. Costa, there is no evidence our overall personalities change as we grow older. What changes as you go through life are your roles and the issues that matter most to you. People may think their personality has changed as they age, but it is their habits that change, their vigor and health, their responsibilities and circumstances – not their basic personality.
2. In the past, researchers have debated exactly how many personality traits exist. Early researchers such as Allport suggested that there were as many as 4,000 distinct personality traits, while others such as Raymond Cattell proposed that there were 16. Today, many personality researchers support the five-factor theory of personality, which describes five broad personality dimensions that compose human personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness.
3. It is very likely that when you think about people's online identities, you might imagine that most people try to present an idealized version of their real selves. After all, in most online situations you get to pick and choose the information you want to reveal. You get to select the most attractive photos of yourself to post and you can edit and revise your comments before you make them. Surprisingly, one study discovered that Facebook profiles are actually quite good at conveying your real personality.
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The Profession of an Architect
1. The architect is a person trained and experienced in the design of buildings and the coordination and supervision of all aspects of the construction of buildings. When the architect designs a structure, he uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries. There are many consultant experts – structural engineers, services engineers and other sub-contracted specialists working to the architect's design. The architect functions now extend into town planning and work activities that need buildings.
2. Town planning or urbanism is the preparation of plans for the regulated growth and improvement of towns or the organization of land and buildings for group living. It is a cooperative process in which architects, economists, engineers, lawyers, landscape architects, doctors, sociologists, surveyors or topographers and other specialists take part. In town planning there are different street patterns: gridiron, radial, ring and functional (or organic).
3. According to the International Union of Architect (IUA or UIA) at present there are more than 800.000 fully qualified architects in the world. In the highly developed countries there is one architect per two or three thousand people. In the developing countries there is only one architect per 500,000 or 1,000,000 people.
4. The architect's sphere of knowledge is constantly expanding. He has to combine art, advanced technology, science and economics in his work. The structure an architect creates should give us pleasure, sense of beauty. The main problem facing the architect today is to avoid any conflict with nature and landmarks of bygone days.
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ECO-TRANSPORT
1. Les véhicules hybrides, les véhicules électriques et la réduction de la consommation des véhicules à essence représentent les principaux axes de la recherche de Suzuki et des efforts de développement en faveur de la préservation de l’environnement. Cette approche, qui reflète le besoin d’adapter les efforts environnementaux aux conditions du marché et des demandes des clients dans diverses régions, est en parfaite harmonie avec la philosophie «Way of Life» orientée client de la marque Suzuki.
2. La Swift Plug-In Hybrid est un modèle hybride de série dotée d’un moteur à propulsion, d’une batterie et un générateur couplé au moteur. Pour les courtes distances jusqu’à 20 km, pour faire les courses quotidiennes ou aller au travail par exemple, la Swift Plug-In Hybrid fonctionne sur une batterie qui peut être rechargée la nuit, lorsque l’électricité est peu chère, à partir d’une simple prise domestique. Quand la batterie est déchargée, un moteur de 660cc analogue à celui utilisé dans les mini-véhicules alimente un générateur qui recharge la batterie.
3. Il s’adresse aux personnes qui se déplacent principalement sur de courtes distances et qui utiliseront l’énergie fournie par la batterie. Si les trajets ne dépassent pas 20 km par jour, le moteur ne démarre pas et ne consomme pas d’essence. Le générateur est entraîné par un moteur de mini-véhicule très économe. Comme le moteur n’est utilisé que pour le générateur, sa vitesse est contrôlée afin que son rendement soit maximal.
4. Des efforts ont été faits pour réduire la friction dans le moteur avec des pièces de moteur comme les segments de pistons basse tension. La batterie de propulsion (au lithium-ion) est intégrée dans la console centrale. Une capacité de batterie d’au moins 2,66 kWh reflète la priorité donnée aux économies de coûts et d’espace Un connecteur permettant de recharger la batterie, par exemple pendant la nuit lorsque l’électricité est peu chère, au moyen d’une prise domestique se trouve à l’arrière de la carrosserie.
http://www.clean-auto.com
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Training in Britain
1. Not all British students study full time at university or college. Many people combine their studies with work. Some companies release their staff for training one or two days a week or two month a year. Large companies often have their own in-house training schemes.
2. The British government is very enthusiastic about such training schemes, in particular because so few people go to university. Only 25 per cent of the student population goes on to higher education.
3. If you unemployed, there are two forms of training schemes: employment training for people who have been out of work for a long time and Youth Training Schemes for school-leavers who cannot find a job.
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Hyperinflation
1. Inflation is a sustained increase in the aggregate price level. Economists generally reserve the term hyperinflation to describe episodes where the monthly inflation rate is greater than 50 per cent.
2. Hyperinflations are largely a twentieth-century phenomenon. The most widely studied hyperinflation occurred in Germany after World War I. The ratio of the German price index in November 1923 to the price index in August 1922 – just fifteen months earlier – was 1.02 × 1010. This huge number amounts to a monthly inflation rate of 322 per cent.
3. Hyperinflations are caused by extremely rapid growth in the supply of «paper» money. They occur when the monetary and fiscal authorities of a nation regularly issue large quantities of money to pay for a large stream of government expenditures. In effect, inflation is a form of taxation where the government gains at the expense of those who hold money whose value is declining. Hyperinflations are, therefore, very large taxation schemes.
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Nuclear physics
1. The study of the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear physics. As a result of this study, scientists have discovered ways of splitting the nucleus to release huge amounts of energy. There are two types of nuclear reactions: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. A controlled nuclear reaction inside a power station can be used to provide heat and light for our homes.
2. Nuclear power stations use fission to produce their energy. Fast-moving atomic particles called neutrons are fired at the nucleus of an atom to split it. This splitting is called fission and it causes other atoms to split in a chain reaction. Some mass (the number of heavy particles inside an atom) is lost in the process. This is converted into large amounts of nuclear energy.
3. Nuclear fusion is a type of nuclear reaction that creates huge amounts of energy. It takes place naturally inside the sun, creating the heat energy that we need to survive on Earth. At temperatures of about 14 million C dgr. the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms fuse, or join together. In the process, some mass (the number of heavy particles inside an atom) is lost and converted into energy. Scientists are trying to develop this form of nuclear reaction as a safer alternative to the nuclear fission that takes place in power stations.
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THE “FIVE M’S”
1. Production management’s responsibilities are summarized by the “five M’s”: men, machines, methods, materials, and money. “Men” refers to the human element in operating systems. Since the vast majority of manufacturing personnel work in the physical production of goods, “people management” is one of the production manager’s most important responsibilities.
2. The production manager must choose the machines and methods of the company, first selecting the equipment and technology to be used in the manufacture of the product or service and then planning and controlling the methods and procedures for their use. The flexibility of the production process and the ability of workers to adapt to equipment and schedules are important issues in this phase of production management.
3. The production manager’s responsibility for materials includes the management of flow processes—both physical (raw materials) and information (paperwork). The smoothness of resource movement and data flow is determined largely by the fundamental choices made in the design of the product and in the process to be used.
4. The manager’s concern for money is explained by the importance of financing and asset utilization to most manufacturing organizations. A manager who allows excessive inventories to build up or who achieves level production and steady operation by sacrificing good customer service and timely delivery runs the risk that overinvestment or high current costs will wipe out any temporary competitive advantage. Although the five M’s capture the essence of the major tasks of production management, control summarizes its single most important issue. The production manager must plan and control the process of production so that it moves smoothly and meets cost and quality objectives. Process control has two purposes: first, to ensure that operations are performed according to plan, and second, to monitor and evaluate the production plan to see if it can be modified.
‘Production management’, Encyclopaedia Britannica Deluxe Edition, 2004 CD-ROM
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Satellite radio
1. A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals. Satellite radio offers a meaningful alternative to ground-based radio services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services, such as Sirius, XM, and Worldspace allow listeners to roam across an entire continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere they go.
2. Radio services are usually provided by commercial ventures and are subscription-based. The various services are proprietary signals, requiring specialized hardware for decoding and playback. Providers usually carry a variety of news, weather, sports, and music channels, with the music channels generally being commercial-free.
3. In areas with a relatively high population density, it is easier and less expensive to reach the bulk of the population with terrestrial broadcasts. Thus in the UK and some other countries, the contemporary evolution of radio services is focused on Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) services or HD Radio, rather than satellite radio.
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The Stage Model of Memory
1. Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory. During this stage, sensory information from the environment is stored for a very brief period of time, generally for no longer than a half-second for visual information and 3 or 4 seconds for auditory information. We attend to only certain aspects of this sensory memory, allowing some of this information to pass into the next stage - short-term memory.
2. Short-term memory, also known as active memory, is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. In Freudian psychology, this memory would be referred to as the conscious mind. Paying attention to sensory memories generates the information in short-term memory. Most of the information stored in active memory will be kept for approximately 20 to 30 seconds. The amount of information that can be stored in short-term memory can vary. An often cited figure is plus or minus seven items. While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to this information allows it to continue on the next stage - long-term memory.
3. Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. In Freudian psychology, long-term memory would be call the preconscious and unconscious. This information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some of this information is fairly easy to recall, while other memories are much more difficult to access. The ability to access and retrieve information from long-term memory allows us to actually use these memories to make decisions, interact with others and solve problems.
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Teaching
1. Good teaching is not a matter of techniques or methods, for, as curriculum is not education, so method is not teaching. Research indicates that good teachers cannot be differentiated on the basis of «teaching methods». The method is inseparable from the person of the teacher; in fact, the person of the teacher is more important than the method. 2. The good teacher is not an instructor, who simply provides information, facts and knowledge but a facilitator of learning for the student. Good teachers are not those who are simply experts in subject matter, or experts in teaching methods, or curriculum experts, or who utilize the most resources, such as audiovisual aids.
3. The best teacher is one who, through establishing a personal relationship, frees the student to learn. Learning can only take place in the student and the teacher can only create the conditions for learning. The atmosphere created by a good interpersonal relationship is the major condition for learning.
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- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста