Тема Поисковое чтение с целью определения наличия в тексте запрашиваемой информации
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Cystine is an oxidised form of cysteine - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Acid rains fall in Europe more often than in the rest part of the world - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Chemical insecticides are the most suitable in killing Trichinella spiralis - Определите, является ли утверждение:
New network security programs can detect and block threats within seconds - Определите, является ли утверждение:
ALMAZ Shipbuilding Company produces civil-purpose air-cushion ships - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Hughes flew around the world in 1938 to demonstrate great possibilities of aviation - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Radioactive implants can deliver high doses of radiation directly into the tumour with more effect on distant tissues - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Hyperinflation
1. Inflation is a sustained increase in the aggregate price level. Economists generally reserve the term hyperinflation to describe episodes where the monthly inflation rate is greater than 50 per cent.
2. Hyperinflations are largely a twentieth-century phenomenon. The most widely studied hyperinflation occurred in Germany after World War I. The ratio of the German price index in November 1923 to the price index in August 1922 – just fifteen months earlier – was 1.02 × 1010. This huge number amounts to a monthly inflation rate of 322 per cent.
3. Hyperinflations are caused by extremely rapid growth in the supply of «paper» money. They occur when the monetary and fiscal authorities of a nation regularly issue large quantities of money to pay for a large stream of government expenditures. In effect, inflation is a form of taxation where the government gains at the expense of those who hold money whose value is declining. Hyperinflations are, therefore, very large taxation schemes.
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In East Europe a mayor usually represents the majority party - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ENGINEERING
1. Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The word engine is derived from the Latin root ingenerare, which means «to create». The engines of war were devices such as catapults, floating bridges, and assault towers; their designer was the «engineer», or military engineer. The counterpart of the military engineer was the civil engineer, who applied essentially the same knowledge and skills to designing buildings, streets, water supplies, sewage systems, and other projects.
2. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematised knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer and rate processes, and systems analysis.
3. Unlike the scientist, the engineer is not free to select the problem that interests him; he must solve problems as they arise; his solution must satisfy conflicting requirements. Usually efficiency costs money; safety adds to complexity; improved performance increases weight. The engineering solution is the optimum solution, the end result that is most desirable. It may be the most reliable within a given weight limit, the simplest that will satisfy certain safety requirements, or the most efficient for a given cost. In many engineering problems the social costs are significant.
4. Engineers employ two types of natural resources - materials and energy. Materials are useful because of their properties: their strength, ease of fabrication, lightness, or durability; their ability to insulate or conduct; their chemical, electrical, or acoustical properties. Important sources of energy include fossil fuels, wind, sunlight, falling water, and nuclear fission. Since most resources are limited, the engineer must concern himself with the continual development of new resources as well as the efficient utilisation of existing ones.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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Many engineering solutions should take into account social costs - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Plasma Cutters
1. Modern industry depends on the manipulation of heavy metal and alloys. We need metals to build the tools and transportation necessary for day-to-day business. The reason is simple: metals are extremely strong and durable, so they're the logical choice for most things that need to be especially big, especially sturdy, or both.
2. The funny thing is that metal's strength is also a weakness: because metal is so good at resisting damage, it's very difficult to manipulate and form into specialized pieces. People can precisely cut and manipulate the metals using the plasma cutter. The plasma cutter is actually a common tool that has been around since World War II.
3. Plasma cutters are not the only devices to harness the power of plasma. Neon signs, fluorescent lighting and plasma displays, just to name a few, all rely on it to get the job done. These devices use "cool" plasma. Though cool plasma cannot be used to cut metals, it has tons of other useful applications.
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Kitfox Series 5 is a bigger airplane than previous models - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Occupational medicine is aimed at reducing the risks in the environment in which people live - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Chemical adulteration of foods with additives became inevitable - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The safety factor doesn’t influence the efficiency of the design - Определите, является ли утверждение:
For nautical charts people have been usually used compass bearings - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The goals of a pretrial conference are to help in simplifying the issues, to save much of judicial time and even eliminate the need for the trial - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Psychologists tend to have limited prescribing privileges - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Planned Economies
1. Planned economies are sometimes called «command economies» because the state commands the use of resources that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions; the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features.
2. Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.
3. Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives, which, if met, allow the nation's overall aim to be reached.
4. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people's tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced.
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The production cost of MI-28 is more than 2 million dollars - Определите, является ли утверждение:
In the stitcher machine the final components are the knives, which are used to trim the paper - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Privatization
1. Privatization is the process by which the production of goods or services is removed from the government sector of the economy. This has been done in a variety of ways, ranging from the public sale of shares in a previously state-owned enterprise to the use of private businesses to perform government work under contract.
2. The leader in this innovative strategy was the Thatcher government of Great Britain from 1979 to 1990. Previous governments had tried limited denationalization, which is the restoration of nationalized enterprises to their previous owners, but with limited success. Privatization involved totally new owners. In some cases the state enterprises that were «privatized» had never been in the private sector.
3. Governments all over the world were confronted in the seventies by the problems inherent in state ownership. Because state-owned companies have no profit motive, they lack the incentive that private companies have to produce goods that consumers want and to do so at low cost. An additional problem is that even if they want to satisfy consumer demands, they have no way of knowing what consumers want, because consumers indicate their preferences most clearly by their purchases.
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Governments take part in promoting a flow of tourism - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Map scale variations are not taken into account - Определите, является ли утверждение:
With the invention of paper it became possible to record different symbols - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Anthropology
1. Anthropology is the holistic «science of man». The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the social sciences, humanities, and human biology. Anthropology includes archaeology, prehistory, physical or biological anthropology, anthropological linguistics, social and cultural anthropology, ethnology and ethnography. The word anthropos is from the Greek for «human being» or «person». Eric Wolf described sociocultural anthropology as «the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the sciences».
2. The goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. Since anthropology arose as a science in Western societies that were complex and industrial, a major trend within anthropology has been a methodological drive to study peoples in societies with more simple social organization, sometimes called «primitive» in anthropological literature, but without any connotation of «inferior». Today, most anthropologists use terms such as «less complex» societies or refer to specific modes of subsistence or production, such as «hunter-gatherer» or «forager» or «simple farmer» to refer to humans living in non-industrial, non-Western cultures, such people or folk (ethnos) remaining of great interest within anthropology.
3. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a particular folk or people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs. In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. It is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture.
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Tourists can take part in different activities staying in a campsite - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Large cities have one or more court facilities - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Some college students began experimenting with linking computers in the 1960s - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Safety sensing devices and safety sensing systems often interface to a computer - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Karl Marx had no idea of the so-called ‘mixed economy’ - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Military bridges are designed to meet common requirements of any army in the world - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The Romans preferred public libraries to private ones - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Channels of Marketing
1. Individual consumers and corporate buyers are aware that thousands of goods and services are available through a very large number of diverse channel outlets. What they may not be well aware of is the fact that the channel structure, or the set of institutions, agencies, and establishments through which the product must move to get to them, can be amazingly complex.
2. Usually, institutions specializing in manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing, and many other areas join forces in marketing channel arrangements to make possible the delivery of goods to industrial users or customers and to final consumers. The same is true for the marketing of services. For example, in the case of health care delivery, hospitals, laboratories, insurance companies, and drugstores combine efforts in an organized channel arrangement to ensure the delivery of a critical service.
3. Therefore, marketing channels can be viewed as sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. Not only do marketing channels satisfy demand by supplying goods and services at the right place, quantity, quality, and price, but they also stimulate demand through the promotional activities of the units (e.g., retailers, manufacturers' representatives, sales offices, and wholesalers) comprising them.
4. The major focus of marketing channel management is on delivery. Producers of goods (including manufacturers of industrial and consumer goods, legislators, educational administrators and insurance companies) are individually capable of generating only form or structural utility for their «products».
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Forest health
1. The importance of pests and their negative impacts on forests are often underestimated. Pest outbreaks can contribute either directly or indirectly to economic and environmental losses. Insects and diseases can have adverse effects on tree growth and survival, yield and quality of wood and non-wood products, wildlife habitat, recreation and scenic and cultural value. Yet they are integral components of forests.
2. Invasive plant species can also cause damage through competition and prevention of regeneration of native tree species, posing new challenges especially to the in situ conservation of forest biological diversity. Pollution is another threat to forest health and vitality.
3. Insects and diseases influence the health of natural and planted forests, trees also outside forests and other wooded lands. Movement of insects and diseases has been facilitated by increased long-range air travel and reduced travel time, increased international trade of agricultural and forest products, and the exchange of plant material. Forest pests can be extremely destructive, as seen in recent years in both developed and developing countries.
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The enterprise deals with the repairs of submarines of “Akula” class only - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Technical and legal restrictions slow down competition in many industries - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Some level sensors can have displays of various types - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Post-operative therapy may include such treatment as chemotherapy or radiation therapy - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Any printing operation begins with illustrations and/or text - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The Earth’s biosphere has nothing to do with metabolism - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Some vitamins occur only in animal tissues - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Many engineering solutions should take into account social costs - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Unless for a greater profit and higher volume turnover of garments fashion houses would not produce ready-to-wear - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Mann’s educational reforms were not very radical for the time - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The Gothic required immeasurable proportions - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The Maverick has only an imaging infrared guidance system - Определите, является ли утверждение:
In the 19th century there were two notions: “pure art” and “functional art” - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Small arms were developed due to the creation of thermally hardened core bullets - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The responsibilities of structural engineers vary in accordance with their skills and experience