Тема Поисковое чтение с целью определения наличия в тексте запрашиваемой информации
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The idea of a package holiday goes back to the 1960s - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Most important in the hierarchy of interior elements are life-safety systems - Определите, является ли утверждение:
It was the Arabs who brought Chinese experience in printing to Europe - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The education of children with learning disabilities
1. A learning disability is a mental problem that children may have from birth, or that may be caused by illness or injury, that affects their ability to read, write, or calculate. Though its causes and nature are still not fully understood, it is widely agreed that the presence of a learning disability does not indicate subnormal intelligence. Rather it is thought that the learning-disabled have a neurologically based difficulty in processing language or figures.
2. Learning disabilities may be diagnosed through testing, and children may be enrolled in programs offering special help. Left unrecognized, learning disabilities may result not only in poor classroom performance but also in low self-esteem and disruptive behaviour. Normal intelligence, low self-esteem and disruptive behaviour indicate that a learning disability is not only a mental problem but also a social problem.
3. A child’s disruptive behaviour or low self-esteem can be cured not only by personal psychiatrists but also by proper social environments in the class created by the teacher. Neurology as the scientific study of nerves and their diseases in addition to social adjustments are to help the learning-disabled to overcome their learning disabilities. Children with learning disabilities require highly specialized techniques, usually on an individual basis.
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The marker is laid upon fabric before cutting out and assembling - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Water is used as a hydraulic fluid in some kinds of hydraulic machinery - Определите, является ли утверждение:
A specialist in the field of synoptic meteorology can explain weather maps - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The fields of art and science became increasingly interrelated in the XXth century, when spectrometers and x-ray machines appeared - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Applications of radar
1. The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and therefore position) of the object from the radar scanner. It is thus used in many different fields where the need for such positioning is crucial. The first use of radar was for military purposes: to locate air, ground and sea targets. This evolved in the civilian field into applications for aircraft, ships and roads.
2. In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices that can warn of obstacles in or approaching their path and give accurate altitude readings. They can land in fog at airports equipped with radar-assisted ground-controlled approach (GCA) systems, in which the plane's flight is observed on radar screens while operators radio landing directions to the pilot.
3. Marine radars are used to measure the bearing and distance of ships to prevent collision with other ships, to navigate and to fix their position at sea when within range of shore or other fixed references such as islands, buoys, and lightships. In port or in harbour, vessel traffic service radar systems are used to monitor and regulate ship movements in busy waters.
4. Radar has invaded many other fields. Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation. It has become the primary tool for short-term weather forecasting and to watch for severe weather such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, winter storms, precipitation types, etc.
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Satellite radio
1. A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals. Satellite radio offers a meaningful alternative to ground-based radio services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services, such as Sirius, XM, and Worldspace allow listeners to roam across an entire continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere they go.
2. Radio services are usually provided by commercial ventures and are subscription-based. The various services are proprietary signals, requiring specialized hardware for decoding and playback. Providers usually carry a variety of news, weather, sports, and music channels, with the music channels generally being commercial-free.
3. In areas with a relatively high population density, it is easier and less expensive to reach the bulk of the population with terrestrial broadcasts. Thus in the UK and some other countries, the contemporary evolution of radio services is focused on Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) services or HD Radio, rather than satellite radio.
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The restoration of nutrients lost during food processing is made by adding vitamins - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Baumgarten emphasized that aesthetics was based on two theories - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Mixed economies
1. A mixed economy contains elements of both market and planned economies. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals exercise considerable economic freedom of choice without any government restrictions. Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy.
2. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers. Technically, all the economies of the world are mixed. Some countries are nearer to command economies, while others are closer to free market economies.
3. The aim of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the benefits that they both offer. So, in a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. The state controls the share of the output through taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply essential items such as health, education and defence, while private firms produce cars, furniture, electrical items and similar, less essential products.
4. The UK is a country with mixed economy. Some services are provided by the state (for example, health care and defence) whilst a range of privately owned businesses offer other goods and services.
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Urban foresters are the only executives who deal with urban trees - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Linguistics
1. Linguistics investigates the cognitive and social aspects of human language. The field is divided into areas that focus on aspects of the linguistic signal, such as syntax, semantics, morphology, phonetics and phonology; however, work in areas like evolutionary linguistics and psycholinguistics cut across these divisions.
2. The majority of modern research in linguistics takes a predominantly synchronic perspective (focusing on language at a particular point in time), and a great deal of it aims at formulating theories of the cognitive processing of language. However, language does not exist in a vacuum, or only in the brain, and approaches like contact linguistics, creole studies, discourse analysis, social interactional linguistics, and sociolinguistics explore language in its social context.
3. Sociolinguistics often makes use of traditional quantitative analysis and statistics in investigating the frequency of features, while some disciplines, like contact linguistics, focus on qualitative analysis. Ferdinand Saussure is considered the father of modern linguistics.
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Armed robbery, fraud and theft are organized crime activities - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The second value is the cup size given by a number - Определите, является ли утверждение:
USB connects peripheral devices to a computer in a 'Plug and Play' manner - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The earliest print images were mostly of a high artistic standard, because only
artists with a background in painting cut the blocks - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Agroforestry
1. Agroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy land-use systems.
2. In agroforestry systems, trees or shrubs are intentionally used within agricultural systems, or non-timber forest products are cultured in forest settings. Knowledge, careful selection of species and good management of trees and crops are needed to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and to minimize negative competitive effects.
3. Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods through increased productivity, economic benefits, social outcomes and the ecological goods and services provided. Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. Agroforestry incorporates at least several plant species into a given land area and creates a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds, insects, and other animals. Agroforestry also has the potential to help reduce climate change since trees take up and store carbon at a faster rate than crop.
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In the 18th century John Adams Dagyr designed his own shoe styles - Определите, является ли утверждение:
In XXth century quinacrine was the only known drug to have any appreciable effect on malaria - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Light
1. The form of energy that illuminates our world is called light. It usually comes from hot objects, like the sun or fire, but it is also produced by electricity and some chemical reactions. Light is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum (which includes microwaves, ultraviolet rays, and X-rays) that is invisible to the human eye. It travels at 186,000 miles (300,000 km) per second, and nothing can travel faster. Like other forms of energy, light travels in waves, but it can also travel in packets of energy called quanta. This enables it to travel through a vacuum.
2. Light rays are reflected when they hit a shiny or silvered surface, such as a still pool of water or a mirror. Reflection involves two light rays: the incoming ray and the reflected ray which bounces off the reflecting surface. The two rays are at identical angles to the reflecting surface on either side of an imaginary line.
3. Refraction is a property of all types of energy that travel in waves, including light. Light waves normally travel in straight lines, but when they pass from one transparent material to another, they usually refract, or bend. Refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials. As light from a material with a low density, such as air, enters a material with a high density, such as water, its speed is reduced. This causes it to bend (except when it enters a material at a right angle).
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It was typical for primitive dancers to use different gestures - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Building systems have a limited range of manufactured components - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Vacuum
1. Evangelista Torricelli produced the first laboratory vacuum in 1643, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his theories of atmospheric pressure. A torricellian vacuum is created by filling a tall glass container closed at one end with mercury and then inverting the container into a bowl to contain the mercury.
2. The quality of a vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Residual gas pressure is a primary indicator of quality, and is most commonly measured in units called torr, even in metric contexts. Lower pressures indicate higher quality, although other variables must also be taken into account.
3. Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human health, and on life forms in general.
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An overlock sewing machine was invented in the 20th century - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Fiber-optic communication
1. In fiber-optic communications information is transmitted by sending light through optical fibers. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age.
2. Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Due to much lower attenuation and interference, optical fiber has large advantages over existing copper wire in long-distance and high-demand applications. However, infrastructure development within cities was relatively difficult and time-consuming, and fiber-optic systems were complex and expensive to install and operate.
3. Due to these difficulties, fiber-optic communication systems have primarily been installed in long-distance applications, where they can be used to their full transmission capacity, offsetting the increased cost. Since 2000, the prices for fiber-optic communications have dropped considerably.
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Planted forests
1. Planted forests worldwide are increasingly important sources for forest products produced within sustainable, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly contexts. They also play a major role in preserving the social and cultural values attached to forests, particularly as natural forests decrease in size through deforestation (mainly in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics) or are designated for conservation or other purposes (mainly in developed countries in temperate zones).
2. Recently there have been concerted efforts to harmonize forest-related terms and definitions. At this point in time, it can be agreed that "planted forests" are forests in which trees have been established through planting or seeding by human intervention. Planted forests are increasingly being recognized as including semi-natural forests with indigenous species and plantation forests with exotic species.
3. Planted forests are often intensively managed for production purposes, but they may also be established for purposes of protection or conservation, or for socio-economic reasons, in which case management may be less obvious or intensive. The distinction is important for global assessments that attempt to capture the extent of productive, protective, conservational or socio-economic functions of forests, which are key criteria for sustainable forest management.
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Chemical warfare was widely used after World War I - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The text is an outline of various theories about the mountain origin - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The best consumer of the chemical industry is the chemical industry itself - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Loran consisted of 24 satellites, and gave the mariner a position with accuracy of 9 meters (30 feet) or less - Определите, является ли утверждение:
A knifing is an objective of civil law - Определите, является ли утверждение:
It’s very difficult to determine how much power the engine will have to provide to achieve the speed - Определите, является ли утверждение:
A surgeon and a physician never form a team working together in the field of heart disease - Определите, является ли утверждение
Travelling by train in the 19th century Russia was rather basic - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The only satisfactory definition of a book was given by the UNESCO - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Medical officers have to obey the superior officer in giving treatment to the patient - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The heterogeneity has been known since prehistoric times - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The history of hostel began at the beginning of the 20th century - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Großrechner
1. Ein Großrechner (engl.: mainframe) ist ein sehr komplexes und umfangreiches Computersystem, das weit über die Kapazitäten eines Personal Computers und meist auch über die der typischen Serversysteme hinausgeht.
Ein Großrechner zeichnet sich vor allem durch seine Zuverlässigkeit, hohe Ein-Ausgabe-Leistung und Dimensionen aus.
2. In einem Großrechner sind sorgfältig aufeinander abgestimmte, robuste und hochgradig redundante Komponenten verbaut. Üblicherweise wird die Wartung dieser Rechner im laufenden Betrieb durchgeführt, auch Hardwareaustausch und Aufrüstungen führen zu keiner Beeinträchtigung oder gar Unterbrechung des Betriebs.
3. Im Gegensatz zu Supercomputern, die auf hohe Rechenleistungen hin entwickelt werden, ist ein Großrechner auf Zuverlässigkeit und hohen Datendurchsatz ausgelegt. Die typischen Anwendungen eines Großrechners sind in Banken, Versicherungen, großen Unternehmen und in der öffentlichen Verwaltung gegeben.
4. Röhrencomputer stellten die erste Generation dar und lösten primär militärische Aufgaben. Darauf folgende Großrechner hielten mit der Erfindung des Transistors Mitte der 1950er-Jahre zunächst hauptsächlich in Forschungseinrichtungen Einzug, etwa zur Lösung von Differentialgleichungen. Dort beanspruchten sie meist einen ganzen Raum für sich alleine, der klimatisiert werden musste, um der Hitzeentwicklung des Gerätes entgegenzuwirken.
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There is certain regularity in the phenomena causing climate - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Public-utility services are normally provided by either municipal of private companies - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Ancient Greeks used olive oil paint when constructing bridges - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Electricity
1. Electricity is a flow of negative charges called electrons. These electric charges are measured in units called coulombs. Electricity is a very versatile form of energy that can be converted into many other forms of energy, including light and heat, direct current (DC), which flows in one direction only, and alternating current (AC), which changes direction 60 times per second.
2. An electric circuit is an unbroken conducting path from, and back to, a power supply. It has three main parts: the power supply, the conductor, and the load. The power is provided by a generator or battery, the conductor carries the current, and the load is an electric device such as a lamp.
3. Unlike current electricity, static electricity does not flow. It is created when an electrically neutral substance loses or gains electrons, making it, respectively, positively or negatively charged. You can create static electricity by rubbing a balloon on your clothing. Electrons will move from the clothing to the balloon, making the balloon negatively charged and the clothing positively charged. The resulting static electricity on each will attract small, light objects such as pieces of paper.
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Linotype machines were used to send radio signals to the Teletypesetter - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Masonry lintels of brick may not be efficient - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Technology
1. Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or create an artistic perspective. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools.
2. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.
3. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions.
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Only four plates can’t properly reproduce the colours of original material