Тема Поисковое чтение с целью определения наличия в тексте запрашиваемой информации
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Travel agents pay commissions to tour companies - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Concrete fields allow take off and landing in all weather conditions - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Law
1. Law in common parlance means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on one's view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a «system of rules», as an «interpretive concept» to achieve justice, as an «authority» to mediate people's interests, and even as "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction".
2. However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas.
3. Law tells many of history's stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth.
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There are less than 150 known zoonose diseases - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Education
1. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology.
2. The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents' playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the child's development.
3. For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal schooling (thus Mark Twain's admonition to "never let school interfere with your education"). Family members may have a profound educational effect – often more profound than they realize – though family teaching may function very informally.
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The third type of sedimentary rock is formed from eroded particles of other rocks - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Biochemical techniques are of special importance for new drugs development - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The so-called eBay markets cannot be found in market socialism - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
A Satellite Telephone
1. A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or satphone is a type of mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites. They provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones: voice, short messaging service and low-bandwidth Internet access are supported through most systems. Depending on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire Earth, or only specific regions. The mobile equipment, also known as a terminal, varies widely.
2. Early satellite phone handsets had a size and weight comparable to that of a late-1980s or early-1990s mobile phone, but usually with a large retractable antenna. More recent satellite phones are similar in size to a regular mobile phone while some prototype satellite phones have no distinguishable difference from an ordinary smartphone. Satphones are popular on expeditions into remote areas where terrestrial cellular service is unavailable.
3. Since satellite phones are purpose-built for one particular network and cannot be switched to other networks, the price of handsets varies with network performance. If a satellite phone provider encounters trouble with its network, handset prices will fall, then increase once new satellites are launched. Similarly, handset prices will increase when calling rates are reduced.
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Changes in tree genetics are not in the focus of silviculture - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Fundamente der Medienentwicklung
1. Das moderne Informationszeitalter gründet sich auf fünf Medien: der Fotografie, den Film, den Funk einschließlich Rundfunk, das Fernsehen und den Computer. Bereits an den Fundamenten aller fünf bauten deutsche Wissenschaftler und Techniker maßgeblich mit.
2. 1916 brachte die Firma Agfa erste Farbdiapositivfilme auf den Markt, und die Kleinbildkamera ist auch eine deutsche Entwicklung: Oskar Barnack konstruierte sie in Gestalt der „Leica“, - die Firma Leitz brachte sie 1925 auf den Markt.
3. An der Wiege des Funkwesens standen die Entdeckung der elektromagnetischen Wellen durch Heinrich Hertz (1887) und der von Carl Ferdinand Braun 1898 erfundene Schwingkreis zum technisch sinnvollen Erzeugen solcher Wellen. Beide gemeinsam machten die rasche internationale Entwicklung von drahtloser Kommunikation und Rundfunk möglich.
4. Ferdinand Braun ersann bereits 1897 die Kathodenstrahlröhre. Deutsche Rahmenerfindungen rundet der 1941 von Konrad Zuse vorgestellte erste programmgesteuerte Digitalrechenautomat (Computer) die ab.
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Psychology
1. Psychology is a discipline that involves the scientific study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring underlying physiological and neurological processes.
2. Psychologists study such topics as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Some, especially depth psychologists, also consider the unconscious mind. Experimental psychologists try to determine causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables.
3. Psychological knowledge is applied to various spheres of human activity, including the family, education, employment, and the treatment of mental health problems, as well as wider historical dimensions such as the attainment of greatness in fields such as politics, music, art, and literature. Psychology includes many diverse sub-fields, such as developmental psychology, sport psychology, health psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, media psychology, legal psychology, and forensic psychology.
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Terahertz wave imaging safeguards passengers' privacy - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
How smartphones work
1. Thinking of a daily task it's likely there's a specialized, pocket-sized device designed to help you accomplish it. You can get a separate, tiny and powerful machine to make phone calls, keep your calendar and address book, entertain you, play your music, give directions, take pictures, check your e-mail, and do countless other things. But how many pockets do you have? Handheld devices become as clunky as a room-sized supercomputer when you have to carry four of them around with you every day.
2. A smartphone is one device that can take care of all of your handheld computing and communication needs in a single, small package. It's not so much a distinct class of products as it is a different set of standards for cell phones to live up to.
3. Unlike many traditional cell phones, smartphones allow individual users to install, configure and run applications of their choosing. A smartphone offers the ability to conform the device to your particular way of doing things. Most standard cell-phone software offers only limited choices for re-configuration, forcing you to adapt to the way it's set up.
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A teacher’s profession is supposed to lead and assist in the process of studying - Определите, является ли утверждение:
All species of fish are covered with scale - Определите, является ли утверждение
Sicily combines historical attractions with the regular facilities of a resort - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The education of maladjusted children
1. Maladjusted children are those who are unable to form good relationships with other children because of problems in their character and behaviour. Socially and emotionally maladjusted children are referred for special programs by parents or by teachers when they find it difficult to manage the child at home or in school.
2. Autistic children make a separate part of maladjusted children. Autism is a severe mental illness that affects children and prevents them from communicating with other children or people. Psychiatrists together with social workers and teachers, determine the eligibility of maladjusted and autistic children for special programs. Children with learning disabilities are assessed by psychoeducational diagnosticians, who through educational and psychological diagnostic tests determine the child’s potential for learning and his level of achievement.
3. Psychotherapy and behaviour modification by psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers are generally a part of mental illness, for example depression, by talking to maladjusted children and discussing their problems rather than using drugs or medical treatment. Behaviour modification means the control of behaviour in which desired behaviours are rewarded, and vice versa, undesirable ones are punished. Behaviour modification helps teachers shape individual behaviour toward some desired effect and control behaviour in classrooms.
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A city-manager is appointed by the city council - Определите, является ли утверждение:
In West Africa all the sculptures have similar shapes and forms - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Malignant tumours are usually treated - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Soap operas are bright examples of pop culture - Определите, является ли утверждение:
All plants and animals can meet their nutrient requirements in the environment - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Automation
1. Automation is the use of control systems in concern with other applications of information technology to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization.
2. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities.
3. Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches even where automation of industrial tasks is possible.
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It is the Secretary of the Treasury who guides the monetary policy of the USA - Определите, является ли утверждение
Barry Ossle wants more tall buildings in the centre of London - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Ship construction includes seven stages - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Solar cell is any device that directly converts the electrical energy into light - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Growth rings cannot always be called annual rings - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Ancient Greeks used raints with olive oil base when constructing bridges - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Deforestation
1. Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. The term deforestation is often misused to describe any activity where all trees in an area are removed. However in temperate climates, the removal of all trees in an area – in conformance with sustainable forestry practices – is correctly described as regeneration harvest. In temperate climates, natural regeneration of forest stands often will not occur in the absence of disturbance, whether natural or anthropogenic.
2. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as lumber while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities and settlements.
3. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland. Deforestation also causes extinction, changes to climatic conditions, desertification, and displacement of populations as observed by current conditions and in the past through the fossil record.
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Evolution
1. A central organizing concept in biology is that life changes and develops through evolution, and that all life-forms known have a common origin. Introduced into the scientific lexicon by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck in 1809, Charles Darwin established evolution fifty years later as a viable theory by articulating its driving force: natural selection. Evolution is now used to explain the great variations of life found on Earth.
Darwin theorized that species and breeds developed through the processes of natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding.
2. The evolutionary history of the species – which describes the characteristics of the various species from which it descended – together with its genealogical relationship to every other species is known as its phylogeny. Widely varied approaches to biology generate information about phylogeny. These include the comparisons of DNA sequences conducted within molecular biology or genomics, and comparisons of fossils or other records of ancient organisms in paleontology.
3. The theory of evolution postulates that all organisms on the Earth, both living and extinct, have descended from a common ancestor or an ancestral gene pool. This last universal common ancestor of all organisms is believed to have appeared about 3.5 billion years ago.
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Composite Materials
1. Among the oldest and newest of structural materials are composite materials. It was discovered many years ago that two or more materials could be used together as one. Later it was proved that such a combination often behaved better than each material alone. Following this principle, clay and straw were combined to make bricks. For centuries composite materials remained virtually untapped. Only then monolithic materials, such as iron, copper were served for needs of an advancing technology. Recently it was a development of technology with coming of reinforced concrete, linoleum, plasterboard and plywood panels.
2. During the 1930s and 1940s light-weight honeycomb structures, machine parts made from compressed metal powders and plastic reinforced with glass fibers became commercial realities. These developments marked the beginning of the modern era of composite engineering materials. It was mentioned growing and using composite materials. Nevertheless, the emergence of a strict discipline and technology of composite materials is barely 20 years old.
3. There are two major reasons for the current interest in composite materials. The first is the demand for materials that will outperform the traditional monolithic materials. The second and more important in the long run, is that composites offer engineers the opportunity to design totally new materials, with the precise combination of properties needed for a specific task. Although new composites are usually more costly than conventional materials, they can be used more sparingly, because of their superior qualities.
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Steel is downgraded from prime to lower quality material when processed - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Pablo Picasso's most famous painting included bicycle parts - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Geography
1. Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main subfields: human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation and life, soil, water and landforms are produced and interact. As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography.
2. Geographers attempt to understand the earth in terms of physical and spatial relationships. The first geographers focused on the science of mapmaking and finding ways to precisely project the surface of the earth. In this sense, geography bridges some gaps between the natural sciences and social sciences. Historical geography is often taught in a college in a unified Department of Geography.
3. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline, closely related to GISc, that seeks to understand humanity and its natural environment. Practitioners of geography use many technologies and methods to collect data such as GIS, remote sensing, aerial photography, statistics, and global positioning systems (GPS).
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Tourists can get by a plane to any major city within a day - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Optoelectronics are highly developed in the UK - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
The Best Building Materials
1. Building materials are very important in the construction. But it is more important for any designer to select and adapt such building materials of construction that will give the most effective result by the most economical means. In this choice of materials for any work of constructions many factors must be considered by the civil engineer. These factors include availability, cost, physical properties of materials and others.
2. Practically, all buildings materials have their advantages and disadvantages. That's why some materials are used most widely in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units. Among them are lime, gypsum and cement.
3. Last material forms very important elements in all masonry structures, such as stone, a brick. Since the time of its introduction a gradual improvement of Portland cement quality has led to the elaboration of rapid hardening Portland cement, or «high early strength». Later developments include low heat and sulphateresisting cements. The scope for such purpose-made cements has led to the development of an increasing variety such as high alumina cement, blast-furnace slag. They may be also white and coloured cements.
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Radio waves
1. Radio waves were first predicted by mathematical work done in 1865 by James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell noticed wavelike properties of light and similarities in electrical and magnetic observations. He then proposed equations that described light waves and radio waves as waves of electromagnetism that travel in space. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the reality of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves by experimentally generating radio waves in his laboratory. Many inventions followed, making practical the use of radio waves to transfer information through space.
2. The study of electromagnetic phenomena such as reflection, refraction, polarization, diffraction and absorption is of critical importance in the study of how radio waves move in free space and over the surface of the Earth. Different frequencies experience different combinations of these phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere, making certain radio bands more useful for specific purposes than others.
3. In order to receive radio signals, for instance from AM/FM radio stations, a radio antenna must be used. However, since the antenna will pick up thousands of radio signals at a time, a radio tuner is necessary to tune in to a particular frequency (or frequency range). This is typically done via a resonator (in its simplest form, a circuit with a capacitor and an inductor). The resonator is configured to resonate at a particular frequency (or frequency band), thus amplifying sine waves at that radio frequency, while ignoring other sine waves. Usually, either the inductor or the capacitor of the resonator is adjustable, allowing the user to change the frequency at which it resonates.
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Steel is downgraded from prime to lower quality material when processed - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Baking changes the structures of starches in the food and dry out the food's moisture - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Amateur radio is noncommercial radio communications - Определите, является ли утверждение:
In the second half of the 19th century most ships were made of steel - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Now an ordinary cellphone can handle a range of frequencies, modulation techniques, and encoding schemes - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The jury
1. In England a person accused of crime must always be presumed innocent until he has been proven guilty. If a criminal case is serious it is always investigated with a jury. What is a jury and how does it function?
2. There are 12 members of the jury both men and women. There are quite a lot of people in England who think that 12 ordinary men and women are not capable of understanding properly all the evidence given at criminal trials. But there is no doubt about it because judges are great experts in summing up the evidence. The judge calls the jury's attention to all most important points in the evidence. He favoures neither prosecution nor defence. The members of the jury decide only the questions of fact. Questions of law are for the judge. The jury retire to a private room to consider the verdict. If the jury cannot agree, they must be discharged and a new jury is formed.
3. A verdict has to be unanimous. English law requires that the guilt of an accused man must be proved 'beyond reasonable doubt'. When the jury return to the courtroom, they have to give only one answer "Guilty" or "Not guilty".
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The disadvantage of animal tests are interfering and complicating factors - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Family
1. The family, a basic social group united through bonds of kinship or marriage, has been present in all societies. Ideally, the family provides its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization. The structure of the family and the needs that the family fulfils vary from society to society. The nuclear family – two adults and their children – is the main unit in some societies. In others, it is a subordinate part of an extended family, which also consists of grandparents and other relatives. A third family unit is the single-parent family, in which children live with an unmarried, divorced, or widowed mother or farther.
2. Historical studies have shown that family structure has been less changed by urbanization and industrialization than was once supposed. The nuclear family was the most prevalent pre-industrial unit and is still the basic unit of social organization. The modern family differs from earlier traditional forms, however, in its functions, composition, and life cycle and in the roles of husbands and wives.
3. The only function of the family that continues to survive all change is the provision of affection and emotional support by and to all its members, particularly infants and young children. Specialized institutions now perform many of the other functions that were once performed by the agrarian family: economic production, education, religion, and recreation. Jobs are usually separate from the family group; family members often work in different occupations and in locations away from the home. Education is provided by the state or by private groups. The family is still responsible for the socialization of children.
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It’s possible to find cognitive theories within behaviorist psychology - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Rainforests are in danger of extinction