Тема Изучающее чтение с выделением главных компонентов содержания текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
What is Impeachment
1. The American constitution provides that the «President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors». Thus, impeachment is the constitutional remedy – the only one, addressed to serious offences against the system of government and the public trust.
2. Impeachment is an essentially political process. The Founding Fathers adopted this view of impeachment from English law. It’s a scope confined to political officials; it charges only «political crimes» and imposes purely «political punishments». An inquiry of impeachment examines the «undermining of the integrity of office, disregarding of constitutional duties and oath of office, arrogation of power, abuse of governmental process, and adverse impact on the system of government». Impeachment was intended to be a «safety valve, a security against an oppressive or corrupt President and his sheltered ministers». The Founding Fathers were familiar with the despotic rule a too-powerful executive could impose. Consequently, they constructed a safeguard against the executive abuse and usurpation of power that might occur in the separate executive branch. They conceived of impeachment as a means to preserve constitutional government.
3. There are three major duties imposed on the President by the Constitution and his oath of office. His first duty is «to take care that the laws be faithfully executed». The other two duties – «to faithfully execute the office of the President of the United States» and to «preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States» – are included in the oath of the office. The power of impeachment serves as a guarantee that these duties are performed.
Определите основную идею текста. - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
MARKETING
1. Le marketing est l’ensemble des techniques et études d’applications qui ont pour but de prévoir, constater, susciter, renouveler ou stimuler les besoins des consommateurs et adapter de manière continue l’appareil productif et commercial aux besoins ainsi déterminés.Dans le secteur marchand, le marketing sert à définir, concevoir et promouvoir profitablement dans un contexte concurrentiel des produits adaptés en permanence aux besoins et attentes de la clientèle solvable ciblée et aux contraintes de l’environnement, et à développer une relation commerciale durable avec ces clients. On cherche à augmenter la notoriété du produit, à développer l’intention d’achat et à fidéliser au maximum le client. Le produit pouvant être un bien ou un service. Les ventes de biens sont en outre de plus en plus entourées de services qui accroissent la valeur ajoutée, donc le prix de vente final.
2. Les techniques du marketing se fondent sur l’étude du comportement du consommateur. Des outils pluridisciplinaires se complètent afin de former une base solide, empiriquement fiable. La psychologie, la sociologie et la microéconomie forment un triangle en interrelation.
3. Le marketing stratégique est la démarche d’analyse et de réflexion pour réaliser l’adéquation offre-demande. Il s’agit d’un travail de long terme. Tout d’abord, il y a les actions de segmentation. Il s’agit d’identifier sur le marché des groupes de consommateurs ayant les mêmes attentes vis-à-vis du produit et devant donc réagir de la même manière à une même stimulation marketing. Ensuite, il y a les actions de ciblage. Il s’agit, parmi les segments définis à l’étape précédente d’en choisir un ou plusieurs que l’entreprise va tenter de satisfaire. Enfin vient le positionnement. Le ou les produits de l’entreprise doivent être conçus en fonction des segments dont il vise à satisfaire les attentes.
4. Le marketing opérationnel est la concrétisation sur le terrain des décisions d’orientation prises au niveau du marketing stratégique. C’est une politique de court terme, qui doit être constamment adaptée aux variations de la situation du marché. Cela se fait au travers de quatre éléments, qu’on appelle marketing mix, plan de marchéage ou quatre P du marketing opérationnel. Cette notion a été introduite en 1960 par Jerome McCarty. Il s’agit de :
· Le produit (product)
· Le prix (price)
· La distribution (place)
· La communication (promotion)
http://irgol.ru
Основной идей текста является … - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Radio Systems
1. Radio systems used for communications will have the following elements. With more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialized for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter. This consists of a source of electrical energy, producing alternating current of a desired frequency of oscillation. The transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it.
2. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle properties such as amplitude, frequency, phase, or combinations of these properties. The transmitter sends the modulated electrical energy to a tuned resonant antenna; this structure converts the rapidly changing alternating current into an electromagnetic wave that can move through free space.
3. The electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna; this structure captures some of the energy of the wave and returns it to the form of oscillating electrical currents. At the receiver, these currents are demodulated, which is conversion to a usable signal form by a detector sub-system. The receiver is «tuned» to respond preferentially to the desired signals, and reject undesired signals.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Psychology
1. Psychology is a discipline that involves the scientific study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring underlying physiological and neurological processes.
2. Psychologists study such topics as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Some, especially depth psychologists, also consider the unconscious mind. Experimental psychologists try to determine causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables.
3. Psychological knowledge is applied to various spheres of human activity, including the family, education, employment, and the treatment of mental health problems, as well as wider historical dimensions such as the attainment of greatness in fields such as politics, music, art, and literature. Psychology includes many diverse sub-fields, such as developmental psychology, sport psychology, health psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, media psychology, legal psychology, and forensic psychology.
Определите основную идею текста. - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
CLASSEMENT PAR IMPACTS ENERGETIQUE
1. Contrairement à une idée reçue, l'industrie n'est pas le premier consommateur d'électricité. Dans les pays riches, elle en consomme moins d'un tiers. A titre d'exemple, en France, depuis la fin des années 1990, l'industrie consomme moins d'un tiers de l'électricité finale. Ce sont le résidentiel et le tertiaires, via le chauffage, l'électroménager, l'éclairage et l'informatique) qui consomment en 2009 environ 67 % de l'électricité.
2. Par ailleurs, la France qui a justifié son programme nucléaire par le souci de ne plus dépendre du pétrole détenait en 2009 le record de consommation par habitant d'électricité (un français moyen consomme plus d'électricité qu'un californien moyen rappelle), mais aussi paradoxalement de consommation de pétrole par habitant, avec un fort endettement et une précarité énergétique des plus pauvres.
3. Depuis les années 2000, lors des pics de consommation accompagnant les vagues de froid, RTE craint un effondrement d'une partie du réseau. Il diffuse, notamment en Bretagne ou Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, des incitations à économiser l'électricité. Car, comme on ne sait pas massivement stocker l'électricité; c'est la «puissance appelée» qui devient le facteur dimensionnant du système de distribution électrique, c’est-à-dire l'énergie consommée à un instant donné et non seulement la consommation cumulée sur la journée, la saison ou l'année.
4. La répartition spatio-temporelle des usages électriques a un impact majeur sur le plan économique, mais aussi environnemental, car les ressources appelées en derniers recours lors des pics émettent le plus de CO2. Ainsi, le chauffage électrique «pèse» «2,5 fois plus en puissance instantanée (36 % au moment du record de consommation sur le réseau français) qu’en consommation cumulée en moyenne sur l’année (14 %)». Des communes cherchent à diminuer le gaspillage lié aux illuminations de Noël, de monuments ou éclairage urbain, mais les panneaux publicitaires motorisés ou éclairés sont restés en fonctionnement.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/
Основной идеей текста является … - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Vacuum
1. Evangelista Torricelli produced the first laboratory vacuum in 1643, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his theories of atmospheric pressure. A torricellian vacuum is created by filling a tall glass container closed at one end with mercury and then inverting the container into a bowl to contain the mercury.
2. The quality of a vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Residual gas pressure is a primary indicator of quality, and is most commonly measured in units called torr, even in metric contexts. Lower pressures indicate higher quality, although other variables must also be taken into account.
3. Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human health, and on life forms in general.
Определите основную идею текста. - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The Law and the Family
1. Beyond the mere function of providing a new generation of children, the family is often promoted for its moral contribution to society. Despite a growing labor shortage, the Japanese government has passed very little legislation challenging the assumption that mothers should stay at home rather than go out to work. In Ireland, which is strongly influenced by the doctrines of the Catholic Church, divorce remains illegal.
2. In some societies the family is thought to be so important that there is very little legal intervention in family life. In many Islamic countries, for example, fathers, brothers and sons are allowed considerable authority over the females in their family. As late as the 1970s, the male head of the household in Switzerland was deemed to represent the interests of everyone within that household, and, consequently, none of the women could vote in national elections.
3. But in many parts of the world, the law now promotes the rights of individuals within the family unit, and regulates family relations through legislation. Raised from the taxes of the working population as a whole, child benefit is paid directly to the mother, and retirement pensions are paid to grandparents, so that they are less dependent upon financial support from a family member. In Sweden, parents can be prosecuted for physically punishing their children and children have a limited capacity to divorce their parents. In Britain, as in many countries, there are special family courts with very strong powers to control and transfer private property in the interests of children. Much of the work of other courts is also directly relevant to family life.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текст
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Constructing Walls for Buildings
1. Walls may be constructed in different forms. The walls include windows and doors, heads and sills, stanchion casings and inner lining panels. The doors and windows provide for controlled passage of environmental factors and people through the wall line. The aluminium heads, sills and windows are fixed from inside the building. After this, the 900 mm and 1.800 mm wide exterior doors are installed. These doors are aluminum framed.
2. All walls are also designed to provide resistance to passage of fire for some defined period of time, such as a one-hour wall. The function of resisting fire is fulfilled by stanchions. The stanchions are enclosed in casings.
3. The walls are divided into interior and exterior walls. The exterior walls protect the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and cold, sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, rain, sound, while containing desirable interior environmental conditions. The exterior walls are made up of brick cladding, wall planks. The wall planks are designed to be weatherproof and to support the outer cladding.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Electricity
1. Electricity is a flow of negative charges called electrons. These electric charges are measured in units called coulombs. Electricity is a very versatile form of energy that can be converted into many other forms of energy, including light and heat, direct current (DC), which flows in one direction only, and alternating current (AC), which changes direction 60 times per second.
2. An electric circuit is an unbroken conducting path from, and back to, a power supply. It has three main parts: the power supply, the conductor, and the load. The power is provided by a generator or battery, the conductor carries the current, and the load is an electric device such as a lamp.
3. Unlike current electricity, static electricity does not flow. It is created when an electrically neutral substance loses or gains electrons, making it, respectively, positively or negatively charged. You can create static electricity by rubbing a balloon on your clothing. Electrons will move from the clothing to the balloon, making the balloon negatively charged and the clothing positively charged. The resulting static electricity on each will attract small, light objects such as pieces of paper.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Electromagnetism
1. Electricity and magnetism combine to form one of the fundamental forces of the universe – electromagnetism. The two constantly interact, and the relationship between them is one of the most important in physics. For example, an electric current passing through a wire creates a magnetic field; and if the lines of force around a magnet are cut by a passing object, an electric current will be produced.
2. Magnets are attracted to iron and to any material that contains iron. Magnets have two poles, a north pole and a south pole. Unmagnetized iron and steel have magnetic regions of atoms called domains that are jumbled up and point in lots of different directions. When iron or steel becomes magnetized, the domains become aligned and they all point in the same direction. One end of each domain points toward the magnetic north pole.
3. Electronics is a new branch of physics, and one that plays an increasingly important part in our lives. It is concerned with the use of electricity to produce signals that carry information and control devices such as computers. These devices contain electric circuits through which electric current flows. The controlling parts in a circuit are called components, and these include diodes and transistors. Components can amplify currents, switch them on and off, or change their direction.
Определите основную идею текста. - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Specialized Accounting
1. Accounting and Bookkeeping is the process of identifying, measuring, recording, and communicating economic information about an organization or other entity. Bookkeeping is the record-keeping aspect of accounting. Accounting principles are applied in the preparation of financial statements and other financial information. Of the various specialized areas of accounting that exist, the three most important are auditing, income taxation, and accounting for non-business organizations.
2. Auditing is the examination, by an independent accountant, of the financial data, accounting records, business documents, and other documents of an organization in order to attest to the accuracy of its financial statements. Large private and public enterprises also maintain an internal audit staff to conduct examinations concerned with operating efficiency and managerial effectiveness.
3. Income taxation is the second specialized area of accounting. Preparing an income tax form consists of collecting information and presenting data in a certain order; therefore, both individuals and businesses frequently hire accountants to determine their taxes.
4. Accounting for non-business organizations, such as universities, hospitals, churches, trade and professional associations is the third area of specialization. These organizations differ from business enterprises in that they do not have a profit orientation, and they have no defined ownership interests. As a result, these organizations have differences in record keeping, in accounting measurements, and in the format of their financial statements.
Основной идеей текста является … - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Special education
1. Special education is the education of students with special needs in a way that addresses the students' individual differences and needs. Ideally, this process involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, accessible settings, and other interventions designed to help learners with special needs achieve a higher level of personal self-sufficiency and success in school and community that would be available if the student were only given access to a typical classroom education.
2. Common special needs include challenges with learning, communication challenges, emotional and behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, and developmental disorders. Students with these kinds of special needs are likely to benefit from additional educational services such as different approaches to teaching, use of technology, a specifically adapted teaching area, or resource room.
3. Intellectual giftedness is a difference in learning and can also benefit from specialized teaching techniques or different educational programs, but the term «special education» is generally used to specifically indicate instruction of students whose special needs reduce their ability to learn independently or in an ordinary classroom, and gifted education is handled separately.
Определите основную идею текста. - Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Определите основную идею текста
- Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Modern Architecture
1. Modern architecture is the term universally applied to the style of building, which evolved a number of countries after the First World War as the International Style and which has culminated in the current design of glass, concrete and steel based on module construction presently being erected all over the world.
2. In the early 20th century an instinctive desire of architects to break away from the confusions and contrivances of the 19th century, and their efforts to introduce a style which responded to new social needs and exploited new materials led to the changed appearance of buildings; simple rectangular outlines; avoidance of symmetry; absence of applied ornament; flat roofs and white walls, resulting from the use of reinforced concrete, now the favorite material; large windows, which new structural techniques permitted, but which were encouraged also by the spirit of the times, which believed in opening up the interiors of buildings to light and air.
3. Until the 1930s, Germany was the main center of new architecture because of the presence there of a unifying institution, the Bauhaus, a college of design, which became synonymous with modern teaching methods in architecture.
4. In the years after 1945 the emphasis was on town-planning and housing. This was the era of new towns, vast housing estates. In matters of architectural style, it became less a question of conflict between period revival and modern design than between buildings designed for effect and those that aimed at the creation of a modern vernacular and a humane and harmonious environment. The Modern Movement cannot be said to have had a clear historical end. It always exited concurrently with other ways of designing.
Определите основную идею текста.