Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами анализа информации
- Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
There exist a great number of film genres - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Cognitive psychology
1. Cognitive psychology is a discipline within psychology that investigates the internal mental processes of thought such as visual processing, memory, problem solving, and language. The school of thought arising from this approach is known as cognitivism which is interested in how people mentally represent information processing.
2. Cognitive psychologists use psychophysical and experimental approaches to understand, diagnose, and solve problems, concerning themselves with the mental processes which mediate between stimulus and response.
3. Cognitive science differs from cognitive psychology in that algorithms that are intended to simulate human behavior are implemented or implementable on a computer. In other instances, solutions may be found through insight, a sudden awareness of relationships.
Ответьте на вопрос.
What is the investigation of cognitive scientists focused on - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Human perception of motion
1. A television system involves equipment located at the source of production, equipment located in the home of the viewer, and equipment used to convey the television signal from the producer to the viewer. The purpose of all of this equipment is to extend the human senses of vision and hearing beyond their natural limits of physical distance.
2. A television system must be designed, therefore, to embrace the essential capabilities of these senses, particularly the sense of vision. The aspects of vision that must be considered include the ability of the human eye to distinguish the brightness, colours, details, sizes, shapes, and positions of objects. Aspects of hearing include the ability of the ear to distinguish the pitch, loudness, and distribution of sounds.
3. In working to satisfy these capabilities, television systems must strike appropriate compromises between the quality of the desired image and the costs of reproducing it. They must also be designed to override, within reasonable limits, the effects of interference and to minimize visual and audial distortions in the transmission and reproduction processes.
Ответьте на вопрос
What promotes high quality perception of television image and sound - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Marlin offers American people a great choice of rifles - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The main characteristics of layers can be estimated by measuring the time between two pulses - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
It is important to investigate blood content to determine any metabolic diseases - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The process of the creation of the first geological map is described - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
During fermentation alcohol is produced as well - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Helicopters are usually provided with vibration dampers - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Gravitation
1. Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which physical bodies attract with a force proportional to their mass. In everyday life, gravitation is most familiar as the agent that gives weight to objects with mass and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped. Gravitation causes dispersed matter to coalesce, and coalesced matter to remain intact, thus accounting for the existence of the Earth, the Sun, and most of the macroscopic objects in the universe.
2. Gravitation is responsible for keeping the Earth and the other planets in their orbits around the Sun; for keeping the Moon in its orbit around the Earth; for the formation of tides; for natural convection, by which fluid flow occurs under the influence of a density gradient and gravity; for heating the interiors of forming stars and planets to very high temperatures; and for various other phenomena observed on the Earth.
3. Gravitation is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, along with electromagnetism, and the nuclear strong force and weak force. Modern physics describes gravitation using the general theory of relativity by Einstein, in which it is a consequence of the curvature of spacetime governing the motion of inertial objects. The simpler Newton's law of universal gravitation provides an accurate approximation for most physical situations.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What determines the necessity of gravitation study by scientists - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Composite Materials
1. Among the oldest and newest of structural materials are composite materials. It was discovered many years ago that two or more materials could be used together as one. Later it was proved that such a combination often behaved better than each material alone. Following this principle, clay and straw were combined to make bricks. For centuries composite materials remained virtually untapped. Only then monolithic materials, such as iron, copper were served for needs of an advancing technology. Recently it was a development of technology with coming of reinforced concrete, linoleum, plasterboard and plywood panels.
2. During the 1930s and 1940s light-weight honeycomb structures, machine parts made from compressed metal powders and plastic reinforced with glass fibers became commercial realities. These developments marked the beginning of the modern era of composite engineering materials. It was mentioned growing and using composite materials. Nevertheless, the emergence of a strict discipline and technology of composite materials is barely 20 years old.
3. There are two major reasons for the current interest in composite materials. The first is the demand for materials that will outperform the traditional monolithic materials. The second and more important in the long run, is that composites offer engineers the opportunity to design totally new materials, with the precise combination of properties needed for a specific task. Although new composites are usually more costly than conventional materials, they can be used more sparingly, because of their superior qualities.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What are characteristics of composite materials - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The more experience people had, the more accurate maps became - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
The Profession of an Architect
1. The architect is a person trained and experienced in the design of buildings and the coordination and supervision of all aspects of the construction of buildings. When the architect designs a structure, he uses the cumulative knowledge of centuries. There are many consultant experts – structural engineers, services engineers and other sub-contracted specialists working to the architect's design. The architect functions now extend into town planning and work activities that need buildings.
2. Town planning or urbanism is the preparation of plans for the regulated growth and improvement of towns or the organization of land and buildings for group living. It is a cooperative process in which architects, economists, engineers, lawyers, landscape architects, doctors, sociologists, surveyors or topographers and other specialists take part. In town planning there are different street patterns: gridiron, radial, ring and functional (or organic).
3. According to the International Union of Architect (IUA or UIA) at present there are more than 800.000 fully qualified architects in the world. In the highly developed countries there is one architect per two or three thousand people. In the developing countries there is only one architect per 500,000 or 1,000,000 people.
4. The architect's sphere of knowledge is constantly expanding. He has to combine art, advanced technology, science and economics in his work. The structure an architect creates should give us pleasure, sense of beauty. The main problem facing the architect today is to avoid any conflict with nature and landmarks of bygone days.
Ответьте на вопрос:
Why is urban design a cooperative elaboration - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
About 400 million years ago a deep sea covered the area of modern Red Rock Canyon - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Either modern or traditional materials are used to reinforce a building structure - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
International Law
1. The legal process that concerns relations among nations is called international law. International law serves the international community; international law is about the relations between independent states. It treats them as equals, whatever their population, wealth and power. International law aims at stability in international life and the encouragement of trade and other contacts between states.
2. International law is almost wholly based on custom. The precedents on which it rests are the acts of independent governments in their relations with one another, including treaties and conventions. Behind many of its rules is only a moral sanction: the public opinion of the civilized world. When treaties or conventions are involved, however, machinery to enforce them exists – either an arbitration or conciliation procedure or the submission of the dispute to a regional or international court.
3. A body of rules and principles is observed or at least acknowledged in international relations. These rules concern such matters as territorial titles and boundaries, use of the high seas, limits on war, telecommunication, diplomatic and consular exchange, and use of air space. The major sources of international law on these matters are multilateral treaties, international custom, and such general principles recognized by civilized nations. The United Nations is one of the primary mechanisms that articulate and create international law. The General Assembly and other agencies of the UN bring a combination of diplomacy, negotiation and propaganda to bear on world affairs in ways that produce effective international treaties and affect world opinion. Certain courts also have indirect impact, including the International Court of Justice. Domestic courts in various nations at times also engage in the articulation of international law.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the object of the rules that constitute International law - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
UAV aircrafts help commanders to find out the positions of targets - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Amateurs are constantly introducing innovations to the construction of aircraft - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The present period is very exciting for military bridge manufacturers - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
A post must support a lintel and its loads - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Different philosophical movements may have opposing views on the use of technology - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The types of recyclables are numerous - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The way people dress nowadays is still governed by rules - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The Greek proportional rules came from customs and human psychological makeup - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Fish migration modes can be divided into several classes - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The foundation of sociology is closely connected with the name of philosopher Auguste Comte - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
In compound semiconductors pure silicon is not the most suitable material - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Baby was the forerunner of the first commercially available computer - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Various natural sources of input energy for machines - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
University independence became the basis of educational architecture development - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
A veterinarian should treat an animal’s symptoms when it is difficult to diagnose a disease - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Rubella induces congenital deformities if a pregnant woman should acquire the disease - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The wet and dry bridges are usually combined in one bridging system - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Composite materials are regarded as the most advanced and reliable ones in boat building - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Historical Archaeology
1. Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to studies of the more immediate past. This has been called «historical archaeology», a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.
2. Back in the 1930's and 1940's, when building restoration was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects. The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the 1950's and 1960's. Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments, where they had studied prehistoric cultures.
3. They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved. But because they were treading on historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation, and because their own knowledge of these periods was usually limited, their contributions to American history remained circumscribed. Their reports, highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread.
4. More recently, professional archaeologists have taken over. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area has lead to a reinterpretation of the United States past.
Ответьте на вопрос:
When were archeologists trained as anthropologists - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A number of different problems connected with equipment and weather conditions had to be solved in the process of oil extraction - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Electrical engineering
1. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century. The first electrical engineer was probably William Gilbert who designed the versorium: a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. He was also the first to draw a clear distinction between magnetism and static electricity and is credited with establishing the term electricity. In 1775 Alessandro Volta's scientific experimentations devised the electrophorus, a device that produced a static electric charge, and by 1800 Volta developed the voltaic pile, a forerunner of the electric battery.
2. Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electric power distribution and use. It now covers a wide range of subfields including electronics, digital computers, power engineering, telecommunications, control systems, RF engineering, and signal processing.
3. Electrical engineering may include electronic engineering. Where a distinction is made, usually outside of the United States, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with systems such as electric power transmission and electrical machines, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of electronic systems including computers, communication systems, integrated circuits, and radar. From a different point-of-view, electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electricity to transmit electric power, while electronic engineers are concerned with using electricity to process information.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What does electrical engineering concerned with mainly - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The Space guidance systems are flight-controlling and rocket-guiding systems - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The main features of the Brigade Combat Team will be its mobility and increased firepower - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There are two different ways of becoming a mayor - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Mass communication products are created by a group of people - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The map is compared with the Holy Book - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
Light industries are not connected with any manufacturing or source of raw materials - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Competition and Market Conditions
1. Competition is the economic rivalry that occurs among businesses when producers in a given industry attempt to gain a larger share of the market. Economists use the term «market structure» to describe how competitive specific industries are. Perfect competition and pure monopoly are the opposite extremes of the market structure continuum.
2. Perfect competition has many sellers of the same product, while pure monopoly has only one. Perfect competition exists when there are many buyers and sellers, none of whom control prices. In contrast, pure monopoly exists when a single firm controls the total production or sale of a good or service.
3. The most competitive type of industry is that with perfect competition. Four conditions must be present in the market structure for perfect competition to exist.
First: a particular good or service must have many sellers and buyers available. In addition, each seller must account for just a small share of the overall sales in the market. The goal of these sellers is to attract enough buyers to their businesses to earn a profit.
Second: the good or service offered by one competing firm must be similar or identical to those offered by other firms. In such a situation, buyers may choose freely from the selection.
Third: buyers must have easy access to information on the products and prices available. This information allows buyers to make intelligent choices about which goods to purchase based on price and quality.
Fourth: entrance to and exit from the industry must be relatively easy and inexpensive. In a purely competitive market structure, firms can easily enter a profitable industry or leave an unprofitable one.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the goal of a company in purely competitive market structure - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
On the printing press the plate cylinder is wetted and inked in turn - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Continuous biogeochemical cycle has a vital importance for forests, lakes and other ecosystems - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Medicine on the Internet
1. On the whole, the Internet has had a very positive effect on the practice of medicine; a wide range of information is available to physicians and patients through personal computers almost instantaneously at any time and from anywhere in the world. This medium holds enormous potential for delivering up-to-date information, practice guidelines, journal contents, textbooks, and direct communications with other physicians and specialists, thereby expanding the depth and breadth of information available to the physician about the diagnosis and care of patients.
2. Most medical journals are now accessible online, providing rapid and comprehensive sources of information. This medium also serves to lessen the information gap felt by physicians and health care providers in remote areas of the world by bringing them into direct and instant contact with the latest developments in medical care.
3. Patients, too, are turning to the Internet in increasing numbers to acquire information about their illnesses and therapies and to join Internet-based support groups. Physicians are increasingly faced with the prospect of dealing with patients who arrive with sophisticated information about their illness. In this regard, physicians are challenged in a positive way to keep themselves abreast of the latest relevant information while serving as an «editor» for the patients as they navigate through this seemingly endless source of information.
4. A critically important caveat is that virtually anything can be published on the Internet, with easy circumvention of the peer-review process that is an essential feature of quality publications. Physicians or patients who search the Internet for medical information must be aware of this danger. Notwithstanding this limitation, appropriate use of the Internet is revolutionizing information access for physicians and patients and in this regard is a great benefit that was not available to our predecessors.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What purposes do the patients use the Internet for - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The Law of Habeas Corpus
1. In the United States, Britain, and many other English-speaking countries, the law of Habeas Corpus guarantees that nobody can be held in prison without trial. Habeas Corpus became a law because of a wild party held in 1621 at the London home of a notoriously rowdy lady, Alice Robinson. When a constable appeared and asked her and her guests to quiet down, Mrs. Robinson allegedly swore at him so violently that he arrested her, and a local justice of the peace committed her to jail.
2. When she was finally brought to trial, Mrs. Robinson’s story of her treatment in prison caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and water, forced to sleep on the bare earth and given 50 lashes. Such treatment was barbaric even by the harsh standards of the time; what made it worse was that Mrs. Robinson was pregnant. Public anger was so great that she was acquitted, the constable who had arrested her without a warrant was himself sent to prison, and the justice of the peace was severely reprimanded. And the case, along with other similar cases, led to the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act in Britain in 1679.
3. The law is still on the British statute books, and a version of it is used in the United States, where the law was regarded as such an important guarantee of liberty that Article 1 of the Constitution declares that “Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of rebellion or invasion”.
Ответьте на вопрос:
How is the law of Habeas Corpus used in statute books of the United States - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Nanotechnology
1. Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.
2. Molecular nanotechnology describes engineered nanosystems operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis.
3. In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as all one has to position atoms are other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo Montemagno, is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Yet another view, put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that mechanosynthesis is impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.
4. There has been much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics and energy production.
On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios.
(Encyclopedia Wikipedia)
Ответьте на вопрос
What problem do scientists dealing with molecular nanotechnology face - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
With the ability to image plates electronically, some mechanical steps were eliminated