Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами анализа информации
- Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Changes in the blood supply to the parts of the brain help to transit unconscious activities into conscious - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Philosophy and psychology are in close relations in the investigation of perception - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
KBP has taken a leading position in the country in the area of high accuracy .intelligent. missiles - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Digital electronics
1. Computers understand only two numbers, 0 and 1, and do all their arithmetic operations in this binary mode. Many electrical and electronic devices have two states: they are either off or on. Because computers have been a major application for integrated circuits from their beginning, digital integrated circuits have become commonplace. It has thus become easy to design electronic systems that use digital language to control their functions and to communicate with other systems.
2. A major advantage in using digital methods is that the accuracy of a stream of digital signals can be verified, and, if necessary, errors can be corrected. An example is the sound from a phonograph record, which always contains some extraneous sound from the surface of the recording groove even when the record is new. Contrast this with the sound from a digital compact disc recording. The disc and the player contain error-correcting features that remove any incorrect pulses (perhaps arising from dust on the disc) from the information as it is read from the disc.
3. As electronic systems become more complex, it is essential that errors produced by noise be removed; otherwise, the systems may malfunction. Many electronic systems are required to operate in electrically noisy environments, such as in an automobile. The only practical way to assure immunity from noise is to make such a system operate digitally.
4. Any electrical system generates some noise, and all electronic systems are to some degree susceptible to disturbance from noise. The noise may be conducted along wires connected to the system, or it may be radiated through the air. Care is necessary in the design of systems to limit the amount of noise that is generated and to shield the system properly to protect it from external noise sources.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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What protects electronic systems from malfunctioning - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Microwaves
1. Microwaves are a form of radiant energy. Other common forms are radio waves, visible light, infrared heat and electricity. All forms of radiant energy are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum. To distinguish between the forms, they are classified according to the wave length which may vary from miles to thousandths of an inch.
2. Microwaves are located in the non-ionizing portion of the energy spectrum between radio waves and visible light. The first application of microwaves was in radar during World War II. Today microwaves are widely used in communication systems, radar and many other commercial and industrial applications.
3. Significantly large segments of the population are exposed to infrared rays, visible light waves and microwaves every day. One characteristic of microwaves is their ability to bounce or deflect off metal surfaces, a characteristic basic to its use in radar. Another is its thermal or heating effect utilized in microwave cooking.
4. The difference between microwave energy and other forms of ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays, is that microwave energy is non-ionizing. In other words, it does not alter the molecular structure of the item being heated. The effects of microwave energy are strictly thermal and do not cause cellular change as with ionizing radiation.
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What forms of radiant energy do most people deal with daily - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Multiple thread formations have different uses - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The study of landscape ecological processes was conducted in some northern regions - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Colour television
1. After World War II, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) began demonstrating its own sequential colour system, designed by Peter Goldmark. Combining cathode-ray tubes with spinning wheels of red, blue, and green filters, it was impressive enough that The Wall Street Journal had “little doubt that color television had reached the perfection of black and white.” Thus began a long battle between CBS and RCA (Radio Corporation of America) to decide the future of colour television which resulted in abandoning the broadcasts a few months later.
2. Then, in June 1951, RCA proudly unveiled their new system. The design used dichroic mirrors to separate the blue, red, and green components of the original image and focus each component on its own monochrome camera tube. The RCA colour system was compatible with existing black-and-white sets. It managed this by converting the three colour signals into two: the total brightness, or luminance, signal and a complex second signal containing the colour information.
3. In 1952 the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) was reformed, this time with the purpose of creating an “industry color system.” The NTSC system that was demonstrated to the press in August 1952 and that would serve into the 21st century was virtually the RCA system. It was not until the 1960s that colour television became profitable.
4. In 1960 Japan adopted the NTSC colour standard. In Europe, two different systems came into prominence over the following decade: in Germany Walter Bruch developed the PAL (phase alternation line) system, and in France Henri de France developed SECAM (système électronique couleur avec mémoire (successive colour with memory)). Both were basically the NTSC system, with some subtle modifications. These are still the standards of colour television today, despite preparations for a digital future.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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What system formed the basis of Japanese color television standard - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
All colours are created by some combination of the three subtractive primary colours - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
The Business of Weddings
1. Though the odds may be barely in their favor, every couple who goes to the altar believes that they will make that trip only once in their lives. They want the day to be perfect, and they are asking for much more than good weather. They want the most beautiful clothes, the freshest flowers, the prettiest music, and the best food. No one, especially not the bride — nor her family who will foot the bill — is in any mood to economize.
2. A quick look at any bride magazine will reveal that plenty of attractive goods and services compete for a share of the wedding budget. Beside the obvious choices of rings, dresses, flowers, and photographs, there are the less apparent expenses: a lavish cake, a rehearsal dinner, a reception, music for both the ceremony and the reception, tips, and even napkins and matchbooks printed with the couple's names and the wedding date.
3. As the arrangements are generally complicated, there are plenty of services that can be hired to help with the planning and execution of the ceremony. There is also an amazing amount of free advice covering every aspect of the wedding: planning the photographs, selecting the wedding rings, choosing the flowers, picking the honeymoon spot, and so on. One magazine lists over 350 such pamphlets that can be had for the asking, published of course by businesses who have something to offer. Considering that weddings do more than 12 billion dollars worth of business annually in the U.S. alone, such activity isn't surprising.
4. What is surprising, is that no one company dominates the industry. It seems that when people plan for a day as special to them as a wedding, they resist standardization. They turn instead to the small local suppliers known to them or to their friends. Family members or friends often serve as photographers, caterers and musicians. This not only helps bring the wedding cost down, it makes it more personal. What about the couple that doesn't want to take part in this billion dollar industry? They can go to city hall and get married for less than the price of a hamburger.
(World English)
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What are the reasons for family members to take part in many of the jobs at the wedding - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Organ transplantation
1. Organ transplantation is the moving of an organ from one body to another or from a donor site to another location on the patient's own body, for the purpose of replacing the recipient's damaged or absent organ. The emerging field of regenerative medicine is allowing scientists and engineers to create organs to be re-grown from the patient's own cells (stem cells, or cells extracted from the failing organs). Organs and/or tissues that are transplanted within the same person's body are called autografts. Transplants that are recently performed between two subjects of the same species are called allografts.
2. Organs that can be transplanted are the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus. Tissues include bones, tendons (both referred to as musculoskeletal grafts), cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are the most commonly transplanted organs, followed closely by the liver and then the heart. The cornea and musculoskeletal grafts are the most commonly transplanted tissues; these outnumber organ transplants by more than tenfold. Organ donors may be living, or brain dead. Tissue may be recovered from donors who are cardiac dead – up to 24 hours past the cessation of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most tissues (with the exception of corneas) can be preserved and stored for up to five years, meaning they can be «banked».
3. Transplantation medicine is one of the most challenging and complex areas of modern medicine. Some of the key areas for medical management are the problems of transplant rejection, during which the body has an immune response to the transplanted organ, possibly leading to transplant failure and the need to immediately remove the organ from the recipient. When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced through serotyping to determine the most appropriate donor-recipient match and through the use of immunosuppressant drugs.
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What issues are scientists of comparatively new field of transplantation medicine concerned with nowadays - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Ecology
1. Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment. The habitat of an organism can be described as the local abiotic factors such as climate and ecology, in addition to the other organisms and biotic factors that share its environment.
2. One reason that biological systems can be difficult to study is that so many different interactions with other organisms and the environment are possible, even on the smallest of scales. A microscopic bacterium responding to a local sugar gradient is responding to its environment as much as a lion is responding to its environment when it searches for food in the African savanna. For any given species, behaviors can be co-operative, aggressive, parasitic, or symbiotic. Matters become more complex when two or more different species interact in an ecosystem. Studies of this type are within the province of ecology.
3. Ecological systems are studied at several different levels, from individuals and populations to ecosystems and the biosphere. The term population biology is often used interchangeably with population ecology, although population biology is more frequently used when studying diseases, viruses, and microbes, while population ecology is more commonly when studying plants and animals. As can be surmised, ecology is a science that draws on several disciplines.
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What is the object of ecology study - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Gifted education
1. Gifted education (also known as Gifted and Talented Education (GATE), Talented and Gifted (TAG), is a broad term for special practices, procedures and theories used in the education of children who have been identified as gifted or talented. There is no standard global definition of what a gifted student is.
2. Appropriateness of forms of gifted education is the most hotly debated aspect among educators. Some people believe that gifted education resources lack availability and flexibility. They feel that in the alternate methods of gifted education, the gifted students "miss out" on having a "normal" childhood, at least insofar as "normal childhood" is defined as attending school in a mixed-ability classroom. Others believe that gifted education allows gifted students to interact with peers that are on their level, be adequately challenged, and leaves them better equipped to take on the challenges of life.
3. While giftedness is seen as an academic advantage, psychologically it can pose other challenges for the gifted individual. A person who is intellectually advanced may or may not be advanced in other areas. Each individual student needs to be evaluated for physical, social, and emotional skills without the traditional prejudices which prescribe either "compensatory" weaknesses or "matching" advancement in these areas. A person with significant academic talents often finds it difficult to fit in with schoolmates. These pressures often wane during adulthood, but they can leave a significant negative impact on emotional development.
4. Social pressures can cause children to "play down" their intelligence in an effort to blend in with other students. "Playing down" is seen somewhat more frequently in socially acute adolescents. This behavior is usually discouraged by educators when they recognize it. Unfortunately, the very educators who want these children to challenge themselves and to embrace their gifts and talents are often the same people who are forced to discourage them in a mixed-ability classroom, through mechanisms like refusing to call on the talented student in class so that typical students have an opportunity to participate.
(Encyclopedia Wikipedia)
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How should educators treat gifted students - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Illustrations are made separately from the typesetting - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The name of the new cartographical system being developed by the Geodesium of Earth.s Bio-sphere department is mentioned - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The Kitfox does not need long and improved airfields for landing and taking off - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Marketing Magic
1. Why would anyone who lives in a city where the drinking water is clean, good-tasting, and free of charge pay $1.50 for a glass of bottled water? Odd though it may seem, this is a daily occurrence in New York City and has been since 1977, when Perrier water was first introduced in the United States. Perrier, a lightly carbonated water from the south of France, is chic. It became that way because the company that bottles Perrier had a very smart marketing strategy.
2. A marketing strategy is a plan for presenting a product so that it will be as attractive as possible to potential buyers, regardless of any intrinsic merits the product may have. Before Perrier came to the United States, Americans rarely drank bottled water, and then only when they feared the local water supply was contaminated. But the Perrier people changed that by appealing to Americans who were highly conscious of three things: health, weight, and fashion. Perrier was presented as a sparkling, natural drink, free of alcohol and other dangerous chemicals. But not only was it good for you, it was French. Therefore it was sophisticated as only a French drinking water could be. With this strategy, Perrier sold over 40 million bottles of water in the United States in one year.
3. Another example of marketing magic is "designer jeans." For over a hundred years, miners, farmers, and cowboys have worn jeans because they were made of sturdy blue denim that didn't wear out. They were simply the best work pants in the world.
4. But a Hong Kong businessman, Mohan Murjani, wasn't interested in selling something practical and durable. For him, jeans were a marketing problem and he wanted a new way of presenting them to the public. He decided to make a new kind of jeans, not for working cowboys, but for people who wanted to look glamorous. And Murjani succeeded. By 1978, 17% of all jeans sold were tight-fitting designer jeans. They cost no more to make than cowboy jeans, but they sold for four or five times as much. Why? Because people will pay more for fashion than they will for work clothes. And if the marketing strategy is right, anything can be made fashionable.
(World English)
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Why was Murjani’s marketing strategy successful - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The Marlin's rifles are not afraid of foul weather - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Public Spirit
1. Each nation has its own peculiar character which distinguishes it from others. But the people of the world have more points in which they are all like each other than points in which they are different. One type of person that is common in every country is the one who always tries to do as little as he possibly can and to get as much in return as he can. His opposite, the man who is in the habit of doing more than is strictly necessary and who is ready to accept what is offered in return, is rare everywhere.
2. Both these types are usually unconscious of their character. The man who avoids effort is always talking about his «rights»: he appears to think that society owes him a pleasant, easy life. The man who is always doing more than his share talks of «duties»; he feels that the individual is in debt to society, and not society to the individual. As a result of their views, neither of these men thinks that he behaves at all strangely.
3. The man who tries to do as little as he can is always full of excuses; if he has neglected to do something, it was because he had a headache, or the weather was too hot – or too cold – or because he was prevented by bad luck. At first, other people generously accept his stories; but soon they realize what kind of person he is. When his friends become cool towards him and he fails to make progress in his job, he is hurt. He blames everyone and everything except himself. He feels that society is failing in its duties towards him, and that he is being unjustly treated.
4. His public-spirited opposite is never too busy to take on an extra piece of work: that is the strangest thing about the whole business. If you want something done in a hurry, don't go to the man who has clearly not much to do. He will probably have a dozen excellent excuses for not being able to help you, although he claims he would like to. Go to the busiest man you know, particularly if you are sure that he has not a spare minute in the week. If your work is really important, he will make time for it.
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Why does a public-spirited man do much more than is expected - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Altitude can be measured by a barometer - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Interpol
1. Interpol is an intergovernmental body established to promote mutual cooperation between police authorities around the world and to develop means of effectively preventing crime. Founded in Vienna in 1923 and reconstituted in 1946, Interpol is strictly nonpolitical and is forbidden to undertake any activities of a religious, racial, or military nature. The majority of countries belong to Interpol, and only government-approved police bodies may hold membership. Among the first to fight international terrorism and hijackings, Interpol leads the war on narcotics, assists a number of nations in the continuing search for wanted Nazi war criminals. Interpol like any other police force is to safeguard the basic rights of every citizen.
2. The main bodies of Interpol are the general assembly, the executive committee, the general secretariat. The general assembly is composed of the delegates from each member country. It is “the Supreme Authority”. The general assembly meets annually to decide policy and to elect the executive committee, consisting of a president, three vice presidents, and nine delegates, all of different nationalities. The general secretariat, based in Lyons, France, is the permanent administrative headquarters. It contains a number of departments four of which specialize in certain crimes: one handles murder, burglary, assault, larceny, car theft, and missing persons; another deals with bank frauds and other types of embezzlement; a third with drug traffic and moral offences; and a fourth deals with forgery and counterfeiting. The general secretariat coordinates the international activities of member countries, holds a library of international criminal records, and organizes regular meetings at which delegates can exchange information on police work. Interpol is financed by contributions from member countries.
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What is Interpol’s activity aimed at - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Types of Money
1. To be used as money, an item must have certain characteristics: durability (the ability to be used over and over again), portability (the ability to be carried from one place to another and transferred from one person to another), divisibility (the ability to be divided into smaller units), stability in value (people who save money are confident that it will have approximately the same value when they want to buy something with it as it had when they put it into savings), acceptability (people are willing to accept money in exchange for their goods or services). Money comes in all shapes and sizes. The items used as money are a reflection of the society in which they are used. Money as a rule includes coins, paper money, checks and near money.
2. Checks or checkbook money usually make up more than 70 percent of the nation’s money supply, and nearly 90 percent of the transactions in most countries are completed by writing checks. Because checks are payable to the holder of the check on demand, checking accounts are often called demand deposits. Checks are representative money because they stand for the amount of money in a person’s account. They are generally accepted because the bank must pay the amount of the check when it is presented for payment. Checks, therefore, are considered money because they are a medium of exchange, a standard of value, and a store of value.
3. Other financial assets are very similar to money. These assets, such as savings accounts and time deposits, are called near money and are not usually considered part of the nation’s money supply. Bills of exchange are examples of near money. Though they are easily accessible, these accounts cannot be used directly to buy goods or pay debts. Depositors, for example, cannot pay bills directly from their savings accounts. Since funds in these accounts can be easily converted into cash, however, they are considered near money.
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When is an item considered money - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The range of shark sizes is enormous - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
One of the Eastern countries promotes the concept of a closed loop industrial system - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
People went to the market not only to buy things but to meet people - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Egyptian Pyramids
1. There have been many different styles or kinds of architecture in the past and there are many different styles today in different parts of the world. The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6,000 years ago.
2. The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over the tombs of Egyptian kings. The best known of the pyramids are a group of three built at Giza south of Cairo. The largest of these is 482 feet high. They tell us of the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about even in our days. It was a country which had expert mathematicians and engineers where astronomy and philosophy were known and studied. The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids.
3. Large blocks of stone were transported over long distances by land and water, and placed into position with the help of the most primitive equipment. That was done by slaves working for thirty or forty years. All this great amount of work was done, masses of material and a large territory sometimes of about 52,000 square meters were used, only for protecting the body of a dead king and constructing a dwelling place for his happy life in the «other world».
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Why did Egyptian architects use mainly granite for the construction of the pyramids - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Veterinary medicine deals with zoonoses prevention and treatment - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The work of construction planners - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
An animal’s appearance is vital for diagnosing diseases - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The fundamental questions raised by the three co-authors of the ²Textbook of Geology⌡ are presented without a sufficient answer given - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
A heat engine
1. In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat or thermal energy to mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a high temperature state to a lower temperature state. A heat «source» generates thermal energy that brings the working substance in the high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the «working body» of the engine while transferring heat to the colder «sink» until it reaches a low temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid.
2. In general an engine converts energy to mechanical work. Heat engines distinguish themselves from other types of engines by the fact that their efficiency is fundamentally limited by Carnot's theorem. Although this efficiency limitation can be a drawback, an advantage of heat engines is that most forms of energy can be easily converted to heat by processes like exothermic reactions (such as combustion), absorption of light or energetic particles, friction, dissipation and resistance. Since the heat source that supplies thermal energy to the engine can thus be powered by virtually any kind of energy, heat engines are very versatile and have a wide range of applicability.
3. Heat engines are often confused with the cycles they attempt to mimic. Typically when describing the physical device the term «engine» is used. When describing the model the term «cycle» is used.
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What constant property should the working substance possess in a heat engine