Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами анализа информации
- Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The main spheres of responsibility of a municipal government - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Lung cancer greatly depends on cigarette smoking - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
More tall buildings are going to be constructed in two areas of London: the City and the Docklands - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The first attempts of climatic classifications go back to ancient times - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There is a unique proportion between the amount of sound absorbency and the hall volume - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Regenerative medicine
1. Regenerative medicine is the «process of replacing or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function». This field holds the promise of regenerating damaged tissues and organs in the body by replacing damaged tissue and/or by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to heal previously irreparable tissues or organs.
2. Regenerative medicine empowers scientists to grow tissues and organs in the laboratory and safely implant them when the body cannot heal itself. Importantly, regenerative medicine has the potential to solve the problem of the shortage of organs available for donation compared to the number of patients that require life-saving organ transplantation.
3. Widely attributed to having first been coined by William Haseltine (founder of Human Genome Sciences), the term «Regenerative Medicine» was first found in a 1992 article on hospital administration by Leland Kaiser. Kaiser’s paper closes with a series of short paragraphs on future technologies that will impact hospitals. One such paragraph had «Regenerative Medicine» as a bold print title and went on to state, «A new branch of medicine will develop that attempts to change the course of chronic disease and in many instances will regenerate tired and failing organ systems».
4. Regenerative Medicine refers to a group of biomedical approaches to clinical therapies that may involve the use of stem cells. Examples include the injection of stem cells or progenitor cells (cell therapies); the induction of regeneration by biologically active molecules administered alone or as a secretion by infused cells (immunomodulation therapy); and transplantation of in vitro grown organs and tissues.
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When does regenerative medicine apply implantation - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The definition of the term "geyser" - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
To determine the temperature of the metal, its resistance should be measured - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The Renaissance was based on the ideas of Humanism - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The end of the 20th century was marked by the process of privatization - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Pathology determines structural changes associated with the disease process - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
After cataclysmic eruption everything that had been pristine beauty only hours before lay in total devastation - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The accuracy of load cells is extremely important for many industries - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
One group of issues urban forestry deals with is connected with the environment - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Cesare Lombroso
1. Professor Lombroso is a criminologist whose views, though not altogether correct, caused a lot of interest and made other people look into the problem of crime in a more scientific way. He is regarded as the father of the scientific study of criminals, or criminology. Lombroso studied at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, and later he became a professor of psychiatry and forensic medicine, a director of a mental asylum.
2. In an enormous book called The Criminal, he set out the idea that there is a definite criminal type, who can be recognized by his or her appearance. Some of what he said is difficult to believe. For example, he said that left-handed persons have a criminal instinct. Among the things he considered important were the shape of the head, colour of the hair, the eyes, the curve of the chin and forehead and if the ears stick out.
3. Lombroso's theories were widely influential in Europe for a time, but his emphasis on hereditary causes of crime was later strongly rejected in favour of environmental factors. Lombroso tried to reform the Italian penal system, and he encouraged more humane and constructive treatment of convicts through the use of work programs intended to make them more productive members of society.
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What was not the sphere of Lombroso’s interests - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
The computer, television, and data communications will soon become parts of one technology - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Structures of amino acids found in proteins are different in their chains - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Basement Construction Hints
1. Many people find a basement construction as a necessary part of a house building process while others think it does them practically no good. It is largely a matter of what a person is accustomed to. It is true that the volume of space added to a house by a basement is large, and the cost is small, but is the space usable and desirable, or is it largely waste?
2. Perhaps the basement construction is needed when you want a rumpus room, or game room, or den, or something of that kind. Then be sure to make the ceiling at least 8 feet high. It is easy to make a dry basement in well-drained soil or on high ground where a drain tile can be run around the outside of the basement, but in low, wet ground beware of a basement.
3. Should you build one or two stories? That depends largely on your experience and background and the custom of the locality where you live. This question must be settled before you begin to plan your house, as it will have a profound effect on your house plan. First, is your lot large enough to get all the house you want on one floor and still leave room enough for the outdoor activities you contemplate? Do you really want or need an upstairs? Many people like to sleep upstairs, because it gives them a greater feeling of security. If you have always slept upstairs, you feel more exposed on the main floor. By putting high windows in the bedroom you can partly protect yourself from this exposed feeling on the main floor.
4. Most new subdivisions in the West are being built on the one-story plan. Much depends on local conditions and customs. In hot dry sections, where it would seem that basements would be ideal, they are seldom used, while in wet, damp sections, where basement construction may be a problem, they are used extensively. This is not to say that you do not need the storeroom any more, though every house needs a storeroom, complete with shelves, hooks, and every convenience to store and classify all materials and possessions; 12' x 20' in size, the size of a garage, ought to be large enough for most families, if they carefully scrutinize the things they store to make sure they are worth storing and get rid of the things not worth keeping.
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What factors should be taken into consideration while planning the basement construction in the house - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The helicopter is equipped with powerful rotors made of modern materials - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Building Construction
1. Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable such as leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.
2. Another trend is quest for buildings of greater height and span. It was possible by the development of stronger building materials and by knowledge of how materials behave and how to exploit them to greater advantage. The third trend involves the degree of control exercised over the interior environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, air speed.
3. All factors that affect human comfort become possible. A modern trend is change in energy of the construction progress, starting with human muscle power and developing toward the powerful machinery.
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What forms interior environment of buildings - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Social sciences include a wide range of subjects dealing with human groups - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
A pager
1. A pager is a simple personal telecommunications device for short messages. A one-way numeric pager can only receive a message consisting of a few digits, typically a phone number that the user is then requested to call. Alphanumeric pagers are available, as well as two-way pagers that have the ability to send and receive email, numeric pages, and SMS messages.
2. The first practical pager was introduced in 1950 by physicians in the New York City area. The first pager system had a range of approximately 40 km (25 mi) and the physicians paid 12 USD per month for the service. The actual pager device was developed and manufactured by Reevesound Company of New York and weighed approximately 200 grams (6 oz).
3. Pagers are still in use today in places where mobile phones typically cannot reach users, and also in places where the operation of the radio transmitters contained in mobile phones is problematic or prohibited. One such type of location is a large hospital complex, where cellular coverage is often weak or nonexistent, where radio transmitters are thought to interfere with sensitive medical equipment and where there is a greater need of assurance for a timely delivery of a message.
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When can a pager substitute a mobile phone without any loss - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Nowadays weather prediction methods are much more objective than before - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The ocean is a suitable environment for reproduction - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Microbiological methods are not implemented to all groups of vitamins - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The aim of the institution of the city-management is to reduce the number of bureaucracy - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Climatic environment possesses some kind of symmetry and organization - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Some scientists us narrow meanings of ‘biosphere’ - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Federalism
1. State power has three main branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislature makes laws; the executive enforces the laws and governs the country; the judges decide disputes that come before them and in doing so interpret the law and apply it to the facts of the case they have to judge.
2. State power can also be divided upon a geographical basis. The system for doing this is called federalism. In a federal state there is a federal government, legislature and courts. There are also regional governments, legislatures and courts. Both may get their powers from a written constitution .Powers to make laws, to govern and to judge are each divided between the federal state and the regions. The regions go by different names in different countries (states, provinces, lands, cantons, republics).
3. One reason for dividing power in this way is that the country is too large to be governed conveniently from a single centre (the USA). Another is that its regions vary in language or culture (Switzerland, India, Canada). A third is that a central government might be too powerful if it was not balanced by regional governments with some independent powers (Germany, the USA).
4. In a typical federation defense and foreign policy belong to the federal government, education to the regions, and the power to tax is divided between the two. So the federation and the regions may both have power to make laws on similar subjects. Since each region has its own independent powers and courts, it has its own regional legal system, alongside the federal legal system. If the federation also separates the law-making, governing and judging functions the law becomes very complicated and expensive. But they allow a country to hold together when otherwise it would fall apart.
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What country is an example of a federal state where the power of the central government is balanced by regional governments - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Civil courts
1. In England, simple civil actions, for example family matters such as undefended divorce, are normally heard in either the Magistrates’ Courts or the County Courts.
There's no jury in a Magistrates' Court. Family cases may go оn appeal from the Magistrates' Court to the County Courts. The County Court also hears complex first instance civil cases, such as contract disputes, compensation claims, consumer complaints about faulty goods or services, and bankruptcy cases. Juries are now rare in civil actions, so normally the judge considers both law and fact.
2. More complex civil cases, such as the administration of estates and actions for the recovery of land, are heard in the High Court of Justice, which is divided into three divisions: Family, Chancery and Queen's Bench. From the High Court cases may go on appeal to the civil division of the Court of Appeal, which can reverse or uphold a decision of the lower courts. Its decisions bind all the lower civil courts. Civil cases may leapfrog from the High Court to the House of Lords, bypassing the Court of Appeal, when points of law of general public importance are involved.
3. Decisions of the House of Lords arc binding on all other courts but not necessarily on itself. The court of the House of Lords consists of twelve life peers appointed from judges and barristers. The quorum, or minimum number, of law lords for an appeal hearing is normally three, but generally there is a sitting of five judges.
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What do first instance civil cases include - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Sex Roles in America
1. Historians have argued that the early colonists in this country granted women a higher status than they had held in England. One reason for the break with English custom was the importance of women's labor in colonial times. Each family had to be virtually self-sufficient, so the work of both sexes was vitally important.
2. In the nineteenth century middle-class women did not work outside the home. Economic and political doings were men's responsibilities; the domestic side of life was the domain of women. The family was regarded as a kind of retreat from the stress and tension of the workaday world; a good wife provided an atmosphere of tranquility, affection, and warmth.
3. During the mid-nineteenth century the western migration, the abortion and social-reform movement, the Civil War, missionary activity, and industrialism had the combined effect of undermining the cult of True Womanhood by involving women in activities outside the home. Yet despite the departure of many women from family-centered concerns, our gender ideals and attitudes about sex roles are still rooted in the nineteenth-century belief in the «rightness» of man-as-provider, woman-as-homemaker.
4. Today, although these stereotypes persist, they have been weakened by several forces. One of the truths that has emerged from psychological research is that there is no such thing as a «pure» masculine personality or a «pure» feminine personality. There are traits of autonomy and dependency, aggression and passivity, in all of us, male and female. Any given personality is a complex mix of all these traits. Another factor that has weakened stereotypes about the sexes is the realization that the stereotypes are not «natural» but, rather, are created by the society.
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How have gender stereotypes been changed since the 19th century - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A flak vest helps to protect the soldier.s body - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The social status of scribe in ancient Egypt was very high - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The specialists knew some years ago epoxy assembles badly connect ceiling panels - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
USB connection is much faster since it supports high-speed throughput - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The helicopter is equipped with powerful rotors made of modern materials - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Evolutionary biology
1. Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of biology concerned with the origin of species from a common descent and descent of species, as well as their change, multiplication and diversity over time. Someone who studies evolutionary biology is known as an evolutionary biologist. To philosopher Kim Sterelny, «the development of evolutionary biology since 1858 is one of the great intellectual achievements of science».
2. Evolutionary biology is an interdisciplinary field, in that it includes scientists from a wide range of both field and lab oriented disciplines. For example, it generally includes scientists who may have a specialist training in particular organisms such as mammalogy, ornithology, or herpetology, but use those organisms as case studies to answer general questions in evolution. It also generally includes paleontologists and geologists who use fossils to answer questions about the tempo and mode of evolution, as well as theoreticians in areas such as population genetics and evolutionary psychology.
3. Findings from evolutionary biology feed strongly into new disciplines that study mankind's sociocultural evolution and evolutionary behavior. Evolutionary biology's frameworks of ideas and conceptual tools are now finding application in the study of a range of subjects from computing to nanotechnology. It also contributes to the field of evolutionary medicine.
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Why is evolutionary biology studied by scientists from a wide range of sciences - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The size of a Fenestron can be smaller than that of a conventional rotor - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A veterinarian is in danger to have zoonoses than any other person - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There are two phases in the process of geothermal energy prospecting - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
What is a crime?
1. Crime is a part of public law — the law regulating the relations between citizens and the state. Crimes are acts which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state. There are some acts which are crimes in one country but not in another. For example, it is a crime to drink alcohol in Saudi Arabia, but not in Egypt. It is a crime to smoke marijuana in England, but not (in prescribed places) in the Netherlands. It is a crime to have more than one wife at the same time in France, but not in Indonesia.
2. In general, however, there is quite a lot of agreement among states as to which acts are criminal. A visitor to a foreign country can be sure that stealing, physically attacking someone or damaging their property will be unlawful. But the way of dealing with people suspected of crime may be different from his own country.
3. In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it. The suspect himself need not prove anything, although he will of course help himself if he can show evidence of his innocence. The state must prove his guilt according to high standards and there are elements that must be proved. In codified systems, these elements are usually recorded in statutes. In common law systems, the elements of some crimes are detailed in statutes; others, known as "common law crimes", are still described mostly in case law.
4. There are usually two important elements to a crime: (1) the criminal act itself; and (2) the criminal state of mind of the person when he committed the act. In Anglo-American law these are known by the Latin terms of (1) Actus Reus and (2) Mens Rea.
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When can a person be considered guilty - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Placer deposits are formed by stream action - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Transistors are made from semiconductor materials with addition of small amounts of impurities - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
The role of Earth science in solving environmental problems - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
During five centuries printing technology remained almost the same - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Money matters must always be considered by a production manager - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The Greek proportional rules came from customs and human psychological makeup - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The geothermal energy and fossil fuels are compared according to their usage - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The METIS-M system integrates the respective advantages of guided and unguided anti- tank weapons - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Physical characteristics of papyrus