Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами анализа информации
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The membrane has pores, making it impenetrable to water - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
In the UK, it takes less time to obtain a university degree than in many other countries - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Psychology
1. Psychology is a discipline that involves the scientific study of human or animal mental functions and behaviors. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring underlying physiological and neurological processes.
2. Psychologists study such topics as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Some, especially depth psychologists, also consider the unconscious mind. Experimental psychologists try to determine causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables.
3. Psychological knowledge is applied to various spheres of human activity, including the family, education, employment, and the treatment of mental health problems, as well as wider historical dimensions such as the attainment of greatness in fields such as politics, music, art, and literature. Psychology includes many diverse sub-fields, such as developmental psychology, sport psychology, health psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, media psychology, legal psychology, and forensic psychology.
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What branches can psychology be subdivided into - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Not all phytoplankton species are obligate photoautotrophs - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Teaching
1. Good teaching is not a matter of techniques or methods, for, as curriculum is not education, so method is not teaching. Research indicates that good teachers cannot be differentiated on the basis of «teaching methods». The method is inseparable from the person of the teacher; in fact, the person of the teacher is more important than the method. 2. The good teacher is not an instructor, who simply provides information, facts and knowledge but a facilitator of learning for the student. Good teachers are not those who are simply experts in subject matter, or experts in teaching methods, or curriculum experts, or who utilize the most resources, such as audiovisual aids.
3. The best teacher is one who, through establishing a personal relationship, frees the student to learn. Learning can only take place in the student and the teacher can only create the conditions for learning. The atmosphere created by a good interpersonal relationship is the major condition for learning.
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Why does the person of a teacher prevail over the teaching methods - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Fashion
1. The concept of fashion implies a process of style change, because fashions in dress, as well as in furniture and other objects, have taken very different forms at different times in history. Most people follow fashion to some extent, because fashion refers to much more than the haute couture, the exclusive and expensive clothing produced by leading designers. Even schoolchildren are aware that fashions exist. Nevertheless, we do tend to distinguish between basic clothing, such as blue jeans, parkas and T-shirts, and the latest trendy fashions created by fashion designers. Fashion reflects the society of which it is a part. It has been influenced by wars, conquests, laws, religion, and the arts. Individual personalities have also had an impact on fashion. Royalty and heads of states have set fashion, and in the 20th century media stars have emerged as leaders of fashion. French writer Anatole France said that if he could come back to Earth 100 years after his death and have only one thing to read, he would choose a fashion magazine because that would show him the way people lived.
2. Fashion also has its critics, who have at times denounced fashion as irrational, frivolous, tyrannical, and immoral. Why should pink be in fashion one season and grey the next season? Why do people follow fashion like sheep when they have enough clothes already? A common accusation is that fashion designers accelerate fashion change to create new business. Yet no new fashion succeeds until people are ready to accept it. The final decision about what to buy, or whether to buy anything at all, belongs to the consumer. Ultimately, fashions change because many people like new and different styles.
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What is the main thing that determines new fashion success - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Different diagnostic properties are used to identify minerals - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
The reference to the bargain packages - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Structure and function of a protein are interconnected due to the properties of amino acids - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
World Bank
1. World Bank or International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is a multinational institution set up in 1947 to provide economic aid to member countries - mainly developing countries – to strengthen their economics. The Bank has supported a wide range of long-term investments including infrastructure projects such as roads, telecommunications and electricity supply; agriculture and industrial projects including the establishment of new industries, as well as social, training and educational programmes.
2. The Bank's funds come largely from the developed countries, but it also raises money on international capital markets. The Bank operates according to 'business principles' lending at commercial rates of interest only to those governments it feels are capable of servicing and repaying their debts.
3. In 1960, however, it established an affiliate agency, the International Development Association, to provide low-interest loans to its poorer members. Another affiliate of the World Bank is the International Finance Corporation which can invest directly in companies by acquiring shares.
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What are business principles of World Bank - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Even the most sensitive devices can’t always guarantee perfect result of a calibration - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Japanese architecture
1. Japanese architecture has a long history similar to that of other aspects of Japanese culture, characterized by periods of interaction with foreign influences interspersed with long periods of isolation during which unique traits developed. Buildings of the Yayoi periods were mostly agricultural residences, with larger buildings and tombs appearing as an aristocracy developed. Wooden buildings from the Asuka period, preserved in Horyuji Temple, were built in the style of Chinese worship halls. Japanese buildings continued to follow the Chinese style of horizontal buildings with heavy tile roofs supported by timber frames, but developed unique characteristics reflecting Buddhist values.
2. During the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the samurai expanded the compounds of the aristocracy to include living quarters for military personnel. Eventually, (daimyo) warlords built castles from which to defend their domains. During the Tokugawa era, when there were no military conflicts, many daimyo built large residences and parks in the city of Edo for their families.
3. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan began to build European-style buildings. The widespread destruction of Japanese cities during World War II cleared the way for the construction of large numbers of steel-framed, box-shaped utilitarian buildings, which provoked an adverse reaction during the 1970s, leading to a variety of new styles and architectural treatments incorporating traditional elements into modern designs. Japan’s best-known modern architects include Kenzo Tange, Maekawa Kunio, Fumihiko Maki, Isozaki Arata, and Tadao Ando. 4. Japanese architecture has influenced Western architecture with its emphasis on simplicity, horizontal lines, and flexible spaces. Frank Lloyd Wright was strongly influenced by Japanese spatial arrangements and the concept of interpenetrating exterior and interior space, long achieved in Japan by using walls made of sliding doors that opened onto covered verandas and gardens.
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What is characteristic of Japanese architecture nowadays - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There were different teaching approaches in training engineers and architects - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Stone has both advantages and disadvantages - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Chemical changes occurring in a cell are called metabolism - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Insurance
1. Insurance plays a central role in the functioning of modern economies. Life insurance offers protection against the economic impact of an untimely death; health insurance covers the sometimes extraordinary costs of medical care; and bank deposits are insured by the federal government. In each case a small premium is paid by the insured to receive benefits should an unlikely but high-cost event occur.
2. An understanding of insurance must begin with the concept of risk, or the variation in possible outcomes of a situation. A shipment of goods to Europe might arrive safely or might be lost in transit. A person may incur zero medical expenses in a good year, but if he is struck by a car, they could be upward of $100,000.
3. We cannot eliminate risk from life, even at extraordinary expense. Paying extra for double-hulled tankers still leaves oil spills possible. The only way to eliminate auto-related injuries is to eliminate automobiles. Thus, the effective response to risk combines two elements: efforts or expenditures to lessen the risk, and the purchase of insurance against the risk that remains.
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Who pays a premium to get insurance - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The description of two phases in the process of geothermal energy prospecting - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
A deposit of rock salt might be left after evaporation of an inland sea - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
New technologies extended the need in expertise in the field of medicine - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Arbitration has some strong features over litigation - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Aircraft generate a great deal of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The aircraft Howard Hughes flew around the world was supplied with all the latest radio and navigation equipment - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Systems theory gives scientists a better understanding of the nature of managing processes - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
New technologies are used to estimate changes in weather conditions - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The necessary conditions for geyser to be active - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
THE “FIVE M’S”
1. Production management’s responsibilities are summarized by the “five M’s”: men, machines, methods, materials, and money. “Men” refers to the human element in operating systems. Since the vast majority of manufacturing personnel work in the physical production of goods, “people management” is one of the production manager’s most important responsibilities.
2. The production manager must choose the machines and methods of the company, first selecting the equipment and technology to be used in the manufacture of the product or service and then planning and controlling the methods and procedures for their use. The flexibility of the production process and the ability of workers to adapt to equipment and schedules are important issues in this phase of production management.
3. The production manager’s responsibility for materials includes the management of flow processes—both physical (raw materials) and information (paperwork). The smoothness of resource movement and data flow is determined largely by the fundamental choices made in the design of the product and in the process to be used.
4. The manager’s concern for money is explained by the importance of financing and asset utilization to most manufacturing organizations. A manager who allows excessive inventories to build up or who achieves level production and steady operation by sacrificing good customer service and timely delivery runs the risk that overinvestment or high current costs will wipe out any temporary competitive advantage. Although the five M’s capture the essence of the major tasks of production management, control summarizes its single most important issue. The production manager must plan and control the process of production so that it moves smoothly and meets cost and quality objectives. Process control has two purposes: first, to ensure that operations are performed according to plan, and second, to monitor and evaluate the production plan to see if it can be modified.
‘Production management’, Encyclopaedia Britannica Deluxe Edition, 2004 CD-ROM
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Money matters must always be considered by a production manager - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Advertising
1. Advertising is one of the largest industries. It is an important means of promoting the goods that are being produced as well as new lines in business. There are specialized firms dealing with advertising, different kinds of mass media (TV, radio, newspapers, cinema, journals, magazines, posters) are used for advertising goods. Special leaflets, booklets and other printed matter about goods may be published for the same purpose. Participation in fairs and exhibitions helps to promote the goods as well.
2. Advertising benefits consumers and the economy in a number of ways: it provides us with information about prices, appearance of certain new goods and services, and their availability; advertising often results in lower prices because by creating mass markets, advertising enables producers to reduce the costs of their products and pass those savings on to the consumers; advertising stimulates competition, and competition benefits all of us; advertising pays most of the cost of magazines and newspapers, and all of the cost of commercial radio and TV.
Advertising helps the economy as a whole by stimulating consumer demand. Consumer spending has a direct effect on the health of the economy. Advertising helps to keep that spending at healthy levels.
3. Not everyone agrees that advertising benefits the economy. Critics list the following points of its disadvantages: the information contained in advertising does not inform and often misleads the consumer; because it costs money to advertise, this cost is added to the price consumers pay; consumers are tempted to spend money for products they do not really need; radio and TV are not really free because the cost of advertising on them is also passed on to the consumer.
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In what way does the economy benefit from advertising - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Vitamins influence metabolic balance in a plant or an animal - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
To be the amateur radio operator one must obtain the advanced – level licenses - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Modern navigational systems are used instead of the DF - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The ecosystem a concept that unifies plant and animal ecology, population dynamics, behaviour, and evolution - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Particular species of fish are got from particular regions - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Radioactive metal needles are used to treat the cancer of prostate - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Transverse bulkheads originated from China - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There are over one million animals in the modern biological classification - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Automated machines possessing certain humanlike characteristics - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The best Models for Old West competition are made by America's favourite rifle-maker - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
To determine the temperature of the metal, its resistance should be measured - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The end of the 20th century was marked by the process of privatization - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Governments play an important part in the system of control of epidemic infections - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Human resources are a very important component of any organization - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Organic compounds are important elements of a living organism - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
The stone that the white lion is made of cannot be made any more - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Architectural Planning
1. The natural environment is at once hindrance and a help, and the architect seeks both to invite its aid and to repel its attacks. To make building habitable and comfortable, one must control the effects of heat, cold, light, air, moisture, and dryness and foresee destructive potentialities such as fire, earthquake, flood, and disease. The placement and form of buildings in relation to their sites, the distribution of spaces within buildings, and other planning devices discussed below are fundamental elements in the aesthetics of architecture.
2. The arrangement of the axes of buildings and their parts is a device for regulating the effects of sun, wind, and rainfall. Within buildings, the axis and placement of each space determine the amount of sun it receives. Orientation may control air for circulation and reduce the disadvantages of wind, rain, and snow. The characteristics of the immediate environment also influence orientation: trees, land formation, and other buildings create shade and reduce or intensify wind, while bodies of water produce moisture and reflect the sun.
3. The choice of materials is conditioned by their own ability to withstand the environment as well as by properties that make them useful to human being. One of the architect's jobs is to find a successful solution to both conditions; to balance the physical and economic advantages of wood against the possibility of fire, termites, and mold, the weather resistance of glass and light metals against their high thermal conductivity, and many similar conflicts.
4. The control of the environment through the design of the plan and the outer shell of a building cannot be complete since extremes of heat and cold, light, and sounds penetrate into the interior, where they can be further modified by the planning of spaces and by conditioning devices. Today, heating, insulation, air conditioning, lighting, and acoustical methods have become basic parts of the architectural program.
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What are the main principles in the aesthetics of architecture - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Climatic patterns and history define plant occurrence on the Earth - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Democratic regimes were the first to introduce copying industry for the common people - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Intelligence
1. Intelligence has been an important and controversial topic throughout psychology's history. In addition to questions of exactly how to define intelligence, the debate continues today about whether it can be accurately measured. Today's intelligence tests are based largely on the original test devised in the early 1900's by French psychologist Alfred Binet. In order to identify students in need of extra assistance in school, the French government asked Binet to devise a test that could be used to discover which students most needed academic help.
2. Faced with this task, Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon began developing a number of questions that focused on things that had not been taught in school such as attention, memory and problem-solving skills. Using these questions, Binet determined which ones served as the best predictors of school success. He quickly realized that some children were able to answer more advanced questions that older children were generally able to answer, while other children of the same age were only able to answer questions that younger children could typically answer. Based on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of a mental age, or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group.
3. This test, first published in 1916, was called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and soon became the standard intelligence test used in the U.S. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test used a single number, known as the intelligence quotient (or IQ), to represent an individual's score on the test. The term «intelligence quotient» or IQ, was first coined in the early twentieth century by a German psychologist named William Stern. Since that time, intelligence testing has emerged as a widely used tool that has led to the development of many other tests of skill and aptitude.
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What did the first test of Binet and Simon measure - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
Means of protection against the errors caused by channel distortion and channel noise - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The dismantlement of five nuclear ships - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The Stage Model of Memory
1. Sensory memory is the earliest stage of memory. During this stage, sensory information from the environment is stored for a very brief period of time, generally for no longer than a half-second for visual information and 3 or 4 seconds for auditory information. We attend to only certain aspects of this sensory memory, allowing some of this information to pass into the next stage - short-term memory.
2. Short-term memory, also known as active memory, is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. In Freudian psychology, this memory would be referred to as the conscious mind. Paying attention to sensory memories generates the information in short-term memory. Most of the information stored in active memory will be kept for approximately 20 to 30 seconds. The amount of information that can be stored in short-term memory can vary. An often cited figure is plus or minus seven items. While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to this information allows it to continue on the next stage - long-term memory.
3. Long-term memory refers to the continuing storage of information. In Freudian psychology, long-term memory would be call the preconscious and unconscious. This information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some of this information is fairly easy to recall, while other memories are much more difficult to access. The ability to access and retrieve information from long-term memory allows us to actually use these memories to make decisions, interact with others and solve problems.
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How long is information stored in short-term memory