Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами аннотирования
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Types of Money
1. To be used as money, an item must have certain characteristics: durability (the ability to be used over and over again), portability (the ability to be carried from one place to another and transferred from one person to another), divisibility (the ability to be divided into smaller units), stability in value (people who save money are confident that it will have approximately the same value when they want to buy something with it as it had when they put it into savings), acceptability (people are willing to accept money in exchange for their goods or services). Money comes in all shapes and sizes. The items used as money are a reflection of the society in which they are used. Money as a rule includes coins, paper money, checks and near money.
2. Checks or checkbook money usually make up more than 70 percent of the nation’s money supply, and nearly 90 percent of the transactions in most countries are completed by writing checks. Because checks are payable to the holder of the check on demand, checking accounts are often called demand deposits. Checks are representative money because they stand for the amount of money in a person’s account. They are generally accepted because the bank must pay the amount of the check when it is presented for payment. Checks, therefore, are considered money because they are a medium of exchange, a standard of value, and a store of value.
3. Other financial assets are very similar to money. These assets, such as savings accounts and time deposits, are called near money and are not usually considered part of the nation’s money supply. Bills of exchange are examples of near money. Though they are easily accessible, these accounts cannot be used directly to buy goods or pay debts. Depositors, for example, cannot pay bills directly from their savings accounts. Since funds in these accounts can be easily converted into cash, however, they are considered near money.
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Savings accounts are … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Disfigurements can be caused by shoes that don't fit well - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The material used for constructing spars needs particular treatment - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Easy Metal Designs of Building
1. A basic fast construction for buildings is a metal skeleton. There metal vertical racks and horizontal crossbar with the help of bolt connections gather in cross-section frames. The cross-section frames are a system of extensions or communications, giving to design settlement durability fastens. Then roofing, wall runs, frames under windows, doors are established. Thus a bearing skeleton is ready. Further it is possible to use any facing. It can be ferro-concrete, bricklaying, special panels such as «sandwich», any combinations of the specified designs. In a «sandwich» panel every panel consists of two sheets of the zinced iron between which a special heater is placed. The design has no internal skeleton. Its durability is reached due to the certain orientation of fibers.
2. The scope of fast metallic construction is very wide. They are used at the construction of any industrial targets, warehouses, sports complexes. Recently fast construction designs are used in the market. This process makes metallic construction attractive in the field of trading constructions. A cost of a building from a metallic construction is 30-40% less, than on construction of a similar building, using traditional materials.
3. Today a fast metallic construction is a leader among all building designs, first of all, because of its low price. On the other hand, it has the shortest terms of erection. The economy of time can become very significant and essentially important for any customer. Besides the price and terms of assembly, fast metallic constructions have more important advantage. The matter is that a metallic construction is not only quickly gathered, but also can be disassembled fast and without special financial expenses.
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The advantages of a fast metallic construction are … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
In practice any material both natural and artificial can be used by sculptors - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея
The 19th century changes were called a “revolution” - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
THE AMERICAN ECONOMY AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY
1. The United States entered the 21st century with an economy that was bigger, and by many measures more successful, than ever. Not only had it endured two world wars and a global depression in the first half of the 20th century, but it had surmounted challenges ranging from a 40-year Cold War with the Soviet Union to extended bouts of sharp inflation, high unemployment, and enormous government budget deficits in the second half of the century. The nation finally enjoyed a period of economic calm in the 1990s: prices were stable, unemployment dropped to its lowest level in almost 30 years, the government posted a budget surplus, and the stock market experienced an unprecedented boom. In 1998, America’s gross domestic product exceeded $8.5 trillion.
2. Though the United States held less than 5 percent of the world’s population, it accounted for more than 25 percent of the world’s economic output. Japan, the world’s second largest economy, produced about half as much. And while Japan and many of the world’s other economies grappled with slow growth and other problems in the 1990s, the American economy recorded the longest uninterrupted period of expansion in its history.
3. As in earlier periods, however, the United States had been undergoing profound economic change at the beginning of the 21st century. A wave of technological innovations in computing, telecommunications, and the biological sciences were profoundly affecting how Americans work and play.
4. The United States remains a “market economy.” Americans continue to believe that an economy generally operates best when decisions about what to produce and what prices to charge for goods are made through the give-and-take of millions of independent buyers and sellers, not by government or by powerful private interests. In a free market system, Americans believe, prices are most likely to reflect the true value of things, and thus can best guide the economy to produce what is most needed.
‘Continuity and Change’ http://usinfo.state.gov
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American economy is developing on the basis of the newest technological innovations - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Historical Archaeology
1. Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to studies of the more immediate past. This has been called «historical archaeology», a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.
2. Back in the 1930's and 1940's, when building restoration was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects. The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the 1950's and 1960's. Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments, where they had studied prehistoric cultures.
3. They were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved. But because they were treading on historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation, and because their own knowledge of these periods was usually limited, their contributions to American history remained circumscribed. Their reports, highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread.
4. More recently, professional archaeologists have taken over. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area has lead to a reinterpretation of the United States past.
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The techniques of history and the techniques of social science are … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Cancer
1. Low- and middle-income countries accounted for 53% and 56%, respectively, of the 10 million cases and 7 million deaths due to cancer in 2000. By 2020, the total number of new cancer cases will rise by 29% in developed countries and by 73% in developing countries. Also by 2020, overall mortality from cancer will increase by 104%, and the increase will be fivefold higher in developing than in developed countries. "Western" lifestyle changes will be responsible for the increased incidence of cancers of the breast, colon, and prostate, but historic realities, sociocultural and behavioral factors, genetics, and poverty itself will also have a profound impact on cancer-related mortality and morbidity.
2. While infectious causes are responsible for <10% of cancers in developed countries, they account for 25% of all malignancies in low- and middle-income countries. Infectious causes of cancer such as human papillomavirus (cervical cancer), hepatitis B virus (liver cancer), and Helicobacter pylori (stomach cancer) will continue to have a much larger impact in developing countries.
3. Environmental and dietary factors, such as indoor air pollution and high-salt diets, also help account for increased rates of certain cancers (e.g., lung and stomach cancers). Tobacco use (both smoking and chewing) is the most important source of increased mortality from lung and oral cancers. In contrast to decreasing tobacco use in many developed countries, the number of smokers is growing in developing countries, especially among women and young people.
4. For many reasons, outcomes of malignancies are far worse in developing countries than in developed nations. Health systems in poor countries simply are not capable of early detection; 80% of patients already have incurable malignancies at diagnosis. Treatment of cancers is available for only a very small number of mostly wealthy citizens in the majority of poor countries, and, even when treatment is available, the range and quality of services are often substandard.
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Some kinds of cancer … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Privatization
1. Privatization is the process by which the production of goods or services is removed from the government sector of the economy. This has been done in a variety of ways, ranging from the public sale of shares in a previously state-owned enterprise to the use of private businesses to perform government work under contract.
2. The leader in this innovative strategy was the Thatcher government of Great Britain from 1979 to 1990. Previous governments had tried limited denationalization, which is the restoration of nationalized enterprises to their previous owners, but with limited success. Privatization involved totally new owners. In some cases the state enterprises that were «privatized» had never been in the private sector.
3. Governments all over the world were confronted in the seventies by the problems inherent in state ownership. Because state-owned companies have no profit motive, they lack the incentive that private companies have to produce goods that consumers want and to do so at low cost. An additional problem is that even if they want to satisfy consumer demands, they have no way of knowing what consumers want, because consumers indicate their preferences most clearly by their purchases.
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The public sale of shares as well as the performance of government work under contract with the use of private businesses are … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The results of animal studies are applied in nutritional research - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
There are electric generating systems for making power in case of emergency - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The main tasks of environmental engineers are to study and estimate the harm of environmental pollution - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Bites of some animals may spread dangerous diseases - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Carrier’s first experience was connected with the system of factory humidity control - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Agroforestry
1. Agroforestry is an integrated approach of using the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy land-use systems.
2. In agroforestry systems, trees or shrubs are intentionally used within agricultural systems, or non-timber forest products are cultured in forest settings. Knowledge, careful selection of species and good management of trees and crops are needed to optimize the production and positive effects within the system and to minimize negative competitive effects.
3. Agroforestry systems can be advantageous over conventional agricultural and forest production methods through increased productivity, economic benefits, social outcomes and the ecological goods and services provided. Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically higher than in conventional agricultural systems. Agroforestry incorporates at least several plant species into a given land area and creates a more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds, insects, and other animals. Agroforestry also has the potential to help reduce climate change since trees take up and store carbon at a faster rate than crop.
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In agroforestry high as well as low plants … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Water is recycled through the two-step process with coffee beans - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
International Telecommunication Union
1. The International Telecommunication Union, originally founded as the International Telegraph Union, is a specialized agency of the United Nations which is responsible for information and communication technologies. The International Telecommunication Union coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum, promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, and assists in the development and coordination of worldwide technical standards.
2. The International Telecommunication Union also organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums, such as ITU TELECOM WORLD, bringing together representatives of government and the telecommunications and ICT industry to exchange ideas, knowledge and technology.
3. The International Telecommunication Union is active in areas including broadband Internet, latest-generation wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy, satellite-based meteorology, convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice, TV broadcasting, and next-generation networks.
4. The International Telecommunication Union is based in Geneva, Switzerland, is a member of the United Nations Development Group and its membership includes 193 Member States and around 700 Sector Members and Associates.
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The International Telecommunication Union engages people of different counties’ attention to … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Fashion
1. The concept of fashion implies a process of style change, because fashions in dress, as well as in furniture and other objects, have taken very different forms at different times in history. Most people follow fashion to some extent, because fashion refers to much more than the haute couture, the exclusive and expensive clothing produced by leading designers. Even schoolchildren are aware that fashions exist. Nevertheless, we do tend to distinguish between basic clothing, such as blue jeans, parkas and T-shirts, and the latest trendy fashions created by fashion designers. Fashion reflects the society of which it is a part. It has been influenced by wars, conquests, laws, religion, and the arts. Individual personalities have also had an impact on fashion. Royalty and heads of states have set fashion, and in the 20th century media stars have emerged as leaders of fashion. French writer Anatole France said that if he could come back to Earth 100 years after his death and have only one thing to read, he would choose a fashion magazine because that would show him the way people lived.
2. Fashion also has its critics, who have at times denounced fashion as irrational, frivolous, tyrannical, and immoral. Why should pink be in fashion one season and grey the next season? Why do people follow fashion like sheep when they have enough clothes already? A common accusation is that fashion designers accelerate fashion change to create new business. Yet no new fashion succeeds until people are ready to accept it. The final decision about what to buy, or whether to buy anything at all, belongs to the consumer. Ultimately, fashions change because many people like new and different styles.
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Most people follow fashion because … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Cultures of different societies may influence each other - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The configuration of a hull - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
There are a lot of ways for expressing measured atmospheric pressure - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Building proportions are related to a person’s dimensions - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The process of making clay tablets unbreakable - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The cost of a ship construction is defined by the owner and mission requirements - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Wood is still favoured as deck covering for modern ships - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Depth curves are presented on nautical charts - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Ecology is supported by many different sciences - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Algae are hardly ever founding dry places - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Großrechner
1. Ein Großrechner (engl.: mainframe) ist ein sehr komplexes und umfangreiches Computersystem, das weit über die Kapazitäten eines Personal Computers und meist auch über die der typischen Serversysteme hinausgeht.
Ein Großrechner zeichnet sich vor allem durch seine Zuverlässigkeit, hohe Ein-Ausgabe-Leistung und Dimensionen aus.
2. In einem Großrechner sind sorgfältig aufeinander abgestimmte, robuste und hochgradig redundante Komponenten verbaut. Üblicherweise wird die Wartung dieser Rechner im laufenden Betrieb durchgeführt, auch Hardwareaustausch und Aufrüstungen führen zu keiner Beeinträchtigung oder gar Unterbrechung des Betriebs.
3. Im Gegensatz zu Supercomputern, die auf hohe Rechenleistungen hin entwickelt werden, ist ein Großrechner auf Zuverlässigkeit und hohen Datendurchsatz ausgelegt. Die typischen Anwendungen eines Großrechners sind in Banken, Versicherungen, großen Unternehmen und in der öffentlichen Verwaltung gegeben.
4. Röhrencomputer stellten die erste Generation dar und lösten primär militärische Aufgaben. Darauf folgende Großrechner hielten mit der Erfindung des Transistors Mitte der 1950er-Jahre zunächst hauptsächlich in Forschungseinrichtungen Einzug, etwa zur Lösung von Differentialgleichungen. Dort beanspruchten sie meist einen ganzen Raum für sich alleine, der klimatisiert werden musste, um der Hitzeentwicklung des Gerätes entgegenzuwirken.
Утверждением, противоречащим содержанию текста, является … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The names of the wood classes are misleading - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
ECOLOGY
1. Ecology is the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties, which can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as insolation, climate, and geology, and biotic factors, which are other organisms that share its habitat.
2. Ecology is usually considered a branch of biology, the general science that studies living organisms. Organisms can be studied at many different levels, from proteins and nucleic acids, to cells, to individuals, and finally at the level of populations, communities, and ecosystems, to the biosphere as a whole.
3. Ecology is a multi-disciplinary science. Because of its focus on the higher levels of the organization of life on earth and on the interrelations between organisms and their environment, ecology draws heavily on many other branches of science, especially geology and geography, meteorology, genetics, chemistry, and physics.
As a scientific discipline, ecology does not dictate what is right or wrong. However, ecological knowledge such as the quantification of biodiversity and population dynamics have provided a scientific basis for expressing the aims of environmentalism and evaluating its goals and policies.
4. Consider the ways an ecologist might approach studying the life of honeybees:
· the behavioral relationship between individuals of a species is behavioral ecology – e.g., the study of the queen bee, and how she relates to the worker bees and the drones
· the organized activity of a species is community ecology; e.g., the activity of bees assures the pollination of flowering plants. Bee hives additionally produce honey which is consumed by other species, such as bears
· the relationship between the environment and a species is environmental ecology – e.g., bees may die out due to environmental changes.
From Wikipedia
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Ecology is supported by many different sciences - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Civil law is equal to the laws governing the political and law making process - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Nowadays there is a tendency of having more curricular variations in the school level - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
When discussing aerodynamic effects on the main rotor one should take into account the design of the helicopter - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
To maintain good relationships one should avoid public criticism - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
First think then do - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Originally motels were establishments offering parking facilities, food and lodging - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The definition of shipbuilding - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There are electric generating systems for making power in case of emergency - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
Some problems with automated assembly lines - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Child Psychology
1. Generally speaking, psychology is the study of the mind and how it works. The main issues studied by psychologists include learning, cognition, intelligence, motivation, emotion, personality, and the extent to which individual differences are shaped by genetics or environment. The methods used in psychological research include observation, interviews, psychological testing, laboratory experimentation, and statistical analysis.
2. One of the fields of psychology closely connected with education is child psychology. Child psychology is the study of psychological processes of children, specifically, how these processes differ from those of adults, how they develop from birth to the end of adolescence, and how and why they differ from one child to the next.
3. The data of child psychology are gathered from a variety of sources. Observations by relatives, teachers, and other adults, as well as the psychologist’s direct observation of and interviews with a child, provide a significant amount of material. In some cases a one-way window or mirror is used so that children are free to interact with their environment or others without awareness that they are being watched. Personality tests and intelligence tests have also proved useful in understanding child development. The principle topics of child psychology include language acquisition and development, personality development, and social, emotional, and intellectual growth.
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Learning, cognition, intelligence, motivation, emotion, personality are … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The development of chemical weapons resulted in improvement of protective methods - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Originally pop culture responded to the abstract art - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Economic geology is a scientific discipline dealing with commercial materials - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
About a half of all steel produced is recycled material - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTERS
1. Personal computer is a computer designed for use by only one person at a time. It is a type of microcomputer - i.e., a small digital computer that uses only one microprocessor. A typical personal computer assemblage consists of a central processing unit, primary, or internal, memory, consisting of hard magnetic disks and a disk drive; various input/output devices, including a display screen, keyboard and mouse, modem, and printer; and secondary, or external, memory, usually in the form of floppy disks or CDs.
2. Computers small and inexpensive enough to be purchased by individuals for use in their homes first became feasible in the 1970s, when large-scale integration made it possible to construct a sufficiently powerful microprocessor on a single semiconductor chip. A small firm named MITS made the first personal computer, the Altair. This computer, which used the Intel Corporation's 8080 microprocessor, was developed in 1974. Though the Altair was popular among computer hobbyists, its commercial appeal was limited, since purchasers had to assemble the machine from a kit.
3. The personal computer industry truly began in 1977, when Apple Computer, Inc. introduced the Apple II, one of the first pre-assembled, mass-produced personal computers. Radio Shack and Commodore Business Machines also introduced personal computers that year. These machines used 8-bit microprocessors and possessed rather limited memory capacity. But because personal computers were much less expensive than mainframes, they could be purchased by individuals, small and medium-sized businesses, and primary and secondary schools.
4. The IBM Corporation, the world's dominant computer maker, did not enter the new market until 1981, when it introduced the IBM Personal Computer, or IBM PC which was only slightly faster than rival machines, but it had about 10 times their memory capacity, and it was backed by IBM's large sales organization.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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The structural components of a personal computer - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The life stories of famous actors and film directors are discussed in special press editions - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Wireless technology
1. Wireless telecommunications, is the transfer information between two or more points that are physically not connected. Distances can be short, as a few meters as in television remote control; or long ranging from thousands to millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking.
2. Wireless operations permit services, such as long range communications that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems which use some form of energy to transfer information without the use of wires.
3. The world's first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented and patented the photophone, a telephone that conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams. In that distant era when utilities did not yet exist to provide electricity, and lasers had not even been conceived of in science fiction, there were no practical applications for their invention, which was highly limited by the availability of both sunlight and good weather.
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Scientists experimentally proved … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Public Spirit
1. Each nation has its own peculiar character which distinguishes it from others. But the people of the world have more points in which they are all like each other than points in which they are different. One type of person that is common in every country is the one who always tries to do as little as he possibly can and to get as much in return as he can. His opposite, the man who is in the habit of doing more than is strictly necessary and who is ready to accept what is offered in return, is rare everywhere.
2. Both these types are usually unconscious of their character. The man who avoids effort is always talking about his «rights»: he appears to think that society owes him a pleasant, easy life. The man who is always doing more than his share talks of «duties»; he feels that the individual is in debt to society, and not society to the individual. As a result of their views, neither of these men thinks that he behaves at all strangely.
3. The man who tries to do as little as he can is always full of excuses; if he has neglected to do something, it was because he had a headache, or the weather was too hot – or too cold – or because he was prevented by bad luck. At first, other people generously accept his stories; but soon they realize what kind of person he is. When his friends become cool towards him and he fails to make progress in his job, he is hurt. He blames everyone and everything except himself. He feels that society is failing in its duties towards him, and that he is being unjustly treated.
4. His public-spirited opposite is never too busy to take on an extra piece of work: that is the strangest thing about the whole business. If you want something done in a hurry, don't go to the man who has clearly not much to do. He will probably have a dozen excellent excuses for not being able to help you, although he claims he would like to. Go to the busiest man you know, particularly if you are sure that he has not a spare minute in the week. If your work is really important, he will make time for it.
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If a man who avoids efforts has neglected a task he …