Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами аннотирования
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A Radar System
1. A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called radar signals in predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected and/or scattered in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially well by materials of considerable electrical conductivity – especially by most metals, by seawater, by wet land, and by wetlands. The radar signals that are reflected back towards the transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar work. If the object is moving either closer or farther away, there is a slight change in the frequency of the radio waves, due to the Doppler effect.
2. Radar receivers are usually, but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the reflected radar signals captured by the receiving antenna are usually very weak, these signals can be strengthened by the electronic amplifiers that all radar sets contain. The weak absorption of radio waves by the medium through which it passes is what enables radar sets to detect objects at relatively-long ranges – ranges at which other electromagnetic wavelengths, such as visible light, infrared light, and ultraviolet light, are too strongly attenuated. In particular, there are weather conditions under which radar works well regardless of the weather. Such things as fog, clouds, rain, falling snow, and sleet that block visible light are usually transparent to radio waves.
3. Finally, radar relies on its own transmissions, rather than light from the Sun or the Moon, or from electromagnetic waves emitted by the objects themselves, such as infrared wavelengths (heat). This process of directing artificial radio waves towards objects is called illumination, regardless of the fact that radio waves are completely invisible to the human eye or cameras.
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Unlike visible light radio waves … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Sharks are believed to evolve from some diversified mammals - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Silviculture provides the measures for meeting the diverse needs of peoples - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Shortcomings of the city-management model - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Respiratory symptoms
1. Cough may indicate the presence of lung disease, but cough per se is not useful for the differential diagnosis. The presence of sputum accompanying the cough often suggests airway disease and may be seen in asthma, chronic bronchitis, or bronchiectasis.
2. Hemoptysis can originate from disease of the airways, the pulmonary parenchyma, or the vasculature. Diseases of the airways can be inflammatory (acute or chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, or cystic fibrosis) or neoplastic (bronchogenic carcinoma or bronchial carcinoid tumors). Parenchymal diseases causing hemoptysis may be either localized (pneumonia, lung abscess, tuberculosis, or infection with Aspergillus) or diffuse (Goodpasture's syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis). Vascular diseases potentially associated with hemoptysis include pulmonary thromboembolic disease and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.
3. Chest pain caused by diseases of the respiratory system usually originates from involvement of the parietal pleura. As a result, the pain is accentuated by respiratory motion and is often referred to as pleuritic. Common examples include primary pleural disorders, such as neoplasm or inflammatory disorders involving the pleura, or pulmonary parenchymal disorders that extend to the pleural surface, such as pneumonia or pulmonary infarction.
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Disorders involving the pleura … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Roads played an important part in transmitting messages - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:
Any young manager is supposed to learn all he can about the company he is working for - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Sex Roles in America
1. Historians have argued that the early colonists in this country granted women a higher status than they had held in England. One reason for the break with English custom was the importance of women's labor in colonial times. Each family had to be virtually self-sufficient, so the work of both sexes was vitally important.
2. In the nineteenth century middle-class women did not work outside the home. Economic and political doings were men's responsibilities; the domestic side of life was the domain of women. The family was regarded as a kind of retreat from the stress and tension of the workaday world; a good wife provided an atmosphere of tranquility, affection, and warmth.
3. During the mid-nineteenth century the western migration, the abortion and social-reform movement, the Civil War, missionary activity, and industrialism had the combined effect of undermining the cult of True Womanhood by involving women in activities outside the home. Yet despite the departure of many women from family-centered concerns, our gender ideals and attitudes about sex roles are still rooted in the nineteenth-century belief in the «rightness» of man-as-provider, woman-as-homemaker.
4. Today, although these stereotypes persist, they have been weakened by several forces. One of the truths that has emerged from psychological research is that there is no such thing as a «pure» masculine personality or a «pure» feminine personality. There are traits of autonomy and dependency, aggression and passivity, in all of us, male and female. Any given personality is a complex mix of all these traits. Another factor that has weakened stereotypes about the sexes is the realization that the stereotypes are not «natural» but, rather, are created by the society.
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In the nineteenth century a duty of a good wife was … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Looking for alternative materials can bring environmental benefits - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
An engineering solution is to be based on many factors: cost, reliability, safety and others - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The number of blocks required and the difficulty of aligning them make a flat-colour process a tiresome, inefficient method - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Delta-wing aircraft are being designed which will be much more silent than current aircraft - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
According to its definition arbitration has the same form as litigation has - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The structural components of a personal computer - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Solar energy
1. Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of different technologies. Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy on the Earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.
2. Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics. Solar energy's uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.
3. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
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There are a lot of ways of harvesting solar energy but more often people … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Some historical waxworks were remade after having been destroyed by the fire - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The aims of law
1. Law has several aims. They are all concerned with making society more stable and enabling people to flourish. The law forbids certain ways of behaving like murder, libel, and requires others, like paying income tax. If people disobey the rules the law threatens them with something unpleasant (other called a sanction), like being punished or having to pay compensation. The idea is that within this framework of do’s and don’ts people can live more securely. If they are more secure they will treat one another better.
2. A second aim is the following. Laws guarantee to people who buy and sell goods, make wills, take employment, form companies and so on that the state will if necessary enforce these arrangements.
3. A third aim is to settle disputes about what the law is and whether it has been broken. Taking these three aims together, we see that law not only threatens those who do what it forbids but promises to protect people’s interests. It imposes restrictions on them but also gives them certain guarantees.
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The aims of the law are concerned with … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The strength of a tree depends on the proportion of fibres in woody tissues - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The number of hospital clinics grew rapidly because of the convenience of providing ambulatory care close to the facilities of a hospital - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Mass communication
1. Mass communication may be defined simply as messages directed at masses, or great numbers, of people. There are features of mass communication, however, that help to set it apart from other communication. Mass communication messages are prepared by institutions or other groups of people. A local television evening news program, for example, involves the three or four people who are seen at the news desk, but it also involves many people who are never seen on camera—camera operators, engineers, business managers, and many others.
2. Mass communication is also directed to a relatively large and anonymous audience—“to whom it may concern.” The message must appeal to a large number of people, or those producing it will not remain in business. Finally, the source of the message is remote—separated from the audience by time or space. As a consequence, those being addressed do not feel the same need to pay careful attention as do those in the company of the message source. For example, television viewers generally feel free to talk to each other, leave the room to get a snack, change channels, or fall asleep.
3. The fact that mass communication is a business has important implications. The mass media are in competition with each other for sales dollars, advertising revenue, or both. With advances in technology the number of alternatives is increasing. People have a greater variety of communication products from which to choose. Cable television, videotapes, and pay television systems, for instance, offer an increasing number of options to television viewers.
4. As some people turn away from regular network and local-station programming, advertisers may be unwilling to pay the prices asked for advertising time. In the past, magazine publishers, film producers, and radio stations found it necessary to reach out for specific audiences. It has been suggested that the general mass audience is disappearing in favor of a number of smaller, more limited mass audiences.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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Technological advances give people possibility to chose between mass media and other communication products - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Bites of some animals may spread dangerous diseases - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The definition of shipbuilding - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
The origin of the term "engineer" and its meaning - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
Today governmental and private agencies at the local, national, and international levels pay much attention to safety - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Fiber-optic communication
1. In fiber-optic communications information is transmitted by sending light through optical fibers. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have played a major role in the advent of the Information Age.
2. Optical fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Due to much lower attenuation and interference, optical fiber has large advantages over existing copper wire in long-distance and high-demand applications. However, infrastructure development within cities was relatively difficult and time-consuming, and fiber-optic systems were complex and expensive to install and operate.
3. Due to these difficulties, fiber-optic communication systems have primarily been installed in long-distance applications, where they can be used to their full transmission capacity, offsetting the increased cost. Since 2000, the prices for fiber-optic communications have dropped considerably.
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Fiber-optic communication systems are used mainly for long-distance communications as … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Ecotones examination may be highly important for getting knowledge about landscape changes - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There are different levels in the study of hormones - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The transposition of meridians and parallels are described by different terms - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Clothing marketed in standard clothing sizes are called ready-to-wear - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The capability of solving close-range anti-aircraft defense tasks - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Interpol
1. Interpol is an intergovernmental body established to promote mutual cooperation between police authorities around the world and to develop means of effectively preventing crime. Founded in Vienna in 1923 and reconstituted in 1946, Interpol is strictly nonpolitical and is forbidden to undertake any activities of a religious, racial, or military nature. The majority of countries belong to Interpol, and only government-approved police bodies may hold membership. Among the first to fight international terrorism and hijackings, Interpol leads the war on narcotics, assists a number of nations in the continuing search for wanted Nazi war criminals. Interpol like any other police force is to safeguard the basic rights of every citizen.
2. The main bodies of Interpol are the general assembly, the executive committee, the general secretariat. The general assembly is composed of the delegates from each member country. It is “the Supreme Authority”. The general assembly meets annually to decide policy and to elect the executive committee, consisting of a president, three vice presidents, and nine delegates, all of different nationalities. The general secretariat, based in Lyons, France, is the permanent administrative headquarters. It contains a number of departments four of which specialize in certain crimes: one handles murder, burglary, assault, larceny, car theft, and missing persons; another deals with bank frauds and other types of embezzlement; a third with drug traffic and moral offences; and a fourth deals with forgery and counterfeiting. The general secretariat coordinates the international activities of member countries, holds a library of international criminal records, and organizes regular meetings at which delegates can exchange information on police work. Interpol is financed by contributions from member countries.
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One of the main goals of Interpol is … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The most popular published sources of information - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Shortcomings of the city-management model - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The ancient peoples of the Middle East used both leather and papyrus rolls - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The role of a transistor is to multiply the original input signal - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
1. Aeroponics is a system wherein roots are continuously or discontinuously kept in an environment saturated with aerosol of nutrient solution. The method requires no substrate and entails growing plants with their roots suspended in a deep air or growth chamber with the roots periodically wetted with a fine mist of atomized nutrients. Excellent aeration is the main advantage of aeroponics.
2. Aeroponic techniques have proved to be commercially successful for propagation, seed germination, seed potato production, tomato and leaf crops production. Since inventor Richard Stoner commercialized aeroponic technology in 1983, aeroponics has been implemented as an alternative to water intensive hydroponic systems worldwide. The limitation of hydroponics is the fact that 1 kg of water can only hold 8 mg of air, no matter whether aerators are utilized or not.
3. Another distinct advantage of aeroponics over hydroponics is that any species of plants can be grown in a true aeroponic system because the micro environment of an aeroponic can be finely controlled. The limitation of hydroponics is that only certain species of plants can survive for so long in water before they become water-logged. The advantage of aeroponics is that suspended aeroponic plants receive 100% of the available oxygen and carbon dioxide to the roots zone, stems, and leaves, thus accelerating biomass growth and reducing rooting times. Unlike hydroponically grown plants, aeroponically grown plants also will not suffer transplant shock when transplanted to soil, and offers growers the ability to reduce the spread of disease and pathogens.
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Aeroponic way of plant growing doesn’t require … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Regenerative medicine
1. Regenerative medicine is the «process of replacing or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function». This field holds the promise of regenerating damaged tissues and organs in the body by replacing damaged tissue and/or by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to heal previously irreparable tissues or organs.
2. Regenerative medicine empowers scientists to grow tissues and organs in the laboratory and safely implant them when the body cannot heal itself. Importantly, regenerative medicine has the potential to solve the problem of the shortage of organs available for donation compared to the number of patients that require life-saving organ transplantation.
3. Widely attributed to having first been coined by William Haseltine (founder of Human Genome Sciences), the term «Regenerative Medicine» was first found in a 1992 article on hospital administration by Leland Kaiser. Kaiser’s paper closes with a series of short paragraphs on future technologies that will impact hospitals. One such paragraph had «Regenerative Medicine» as a bold print title and went on to state, «A new branch of medicine will develop that attempts to change the course of chronic disease and in many instances will regenerate tired and failing organ systems».
4. Regenerative Medicine refers to a group of biomedical approaches to clinical therapies that may involve the use of stem cells. Examples include the injection of stem cells or progenitor cells (cell therapies); the induction of regeneration by biologically active molecules administered alone or as a secretion by infused cells (immunomodulation therapy); and transplantation of in vitro grown organs and tissues.
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Patients expect regenerative medicine to … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Among the higher intellectual functions there are composing music and structured language - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Thermal radiation
1. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. The mechanism is that bodies with a temperature above absolute zero have atoms or molecules with kinetic energies which are changing, and these changes result in charge-acceleration and/or dipole oscillation of the charges that compose the atoms. This motion of charges produces electromagnetic radiation in the usual way. However, the side spectrum of this radiation reflects the wide spectrum of energies and accelerations of the charges in any piece of matter at even a single temperature.
2. Examples of thermal radiation include the visible light and infrared light emitted by an incandescent light bulb, the infrared radiation emitted by animals and detectable with an infrared camera, and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Thermal radiation is different from thermal convection and thermal conduction – a person near a raging bonfire feels radiant heating from the fire, even if the surrounding air is very cold.
3. Sunlight is thermal radiation generated by the hot plasma of the Sun. The Earth also emits thermal radiation, but at a much lower intensity and different spectral distribution (infrared rather than visible) because it is cooler. The Earth's absorption of solar radiation, followed by its outgoing thermal radiation are the two most important processes that determine the temperature and climate of the Earth.
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Thermal radiation occurs … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Electricity
1. Electricity is a flow of negative charges called electrons. These electric charges are measured in units called coulombs. Electricity is a very versatile form of energy that can be converted into many other forms of energy, including light and heat, direct current (DC), which flows in one direction only, and alternating current (AC), which changes direction 60 times per second.
2. An electric circuit is an unbroken conducting path from, and back to, a power supply. It has three main parts: the power supply, the conductor, and the load. The power is provided by a generator or battery, the conductor carries the current, and the load is an electric device such as a lamp.
3. Unlike current electricity, static electricity does not flow. It is created when an electrically neutral substance loses or gains electrons, making it, respectively, positively or negatively charged. You can create static electricity by rubbing a balloon on your clothing. Electrons will move from the clothing to the balloon, making the balloon negatively charged and the clothing positively charged. The resulting static electricity on each will attract small, light objects such as pieces of paper.
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The kind of electricity which can be created at friction is called … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Some of the apologists of this movement concentrated their production in the hands of sensible and wealthy men - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
US Constitution
1. The US Constitution was adopted in 1787 after the War of Independence. A constitution is a set of customs, traditions, rules and laws that sets forth the basic way a government is organized and functions. It is very important to understand that having a constitution does not mean that a nation has a constitutional government. If a constitution makes it possible to concentrate power by one or few, it is not the basis of a constitutional government. If a constitution says that the government’s power should be limited but doesn’t mention the ways how to do it, it is not the basis for a constitutional government.
2. In a constitutional government the constitution is a form higher law that must be obeyed by everyone including those in power.
The US Constitution consists of 7 articles and 26 amendments. According to the Founders of the American state a constitution or higher law should have the following characteristics:
it sets forth the basic rights of citizens to life, liberty, and property;
it establishes the responsibility of the government to protect those rights;
it establishes limitations on how those in government use their powers with regard to citizens’ rights and responsibilities, the distribution of resources, the control of conflict;
it establishes the principle of a private domain – which means that there are areas of citizens’ lives that are no business of the government and in which the government cannot interfere;
it can be changed with the consent of the most citizens. This is how the Constitution differs from the ordinary law that governments regularly create and enforce. The US Constitution has 26 amendments, the first 10 are called the Bill of Rights and it was adopted in 1791. The Bill enumerated basic freedoms and guaranteed them and declared what the government was not allowed to do.
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According to the US Constitution the rights of citizens to life, liberty, and property … - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
The cost and numbers of workers involved in construction of the new refinery are given - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Radar applications
1. The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and therefore position) of the object from the radar scanner. It is thus used in many different fields where the need for such positioning is crucial. The first use of radar was for military purposes: to locate air, ground and sea targets. This evolved in the civilian field into applications for aircraft, ships, and roads.
2. In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices that warn of obstacles in or approaching their path and give accurate altitude readings. The first commercial device fitted to aircraft was a 1938 Bell Lab unit on some United Air Lines aircraft. Such aircraft can land in fog at airports equipped with radar-assisted ground-controlled approach systems in which the plane's flight is observed on radar screens while operators radio landing directions to the pilot.
3. Marine radars are used to measure the bearing and distance of ships to prevent collision with other ships, to navigate, and to fix their position at sea when within range of shore or other fixed references such as islands, buoys, and lightships. In port or in harbour, vessel traffic service radar systems are used to monitor and regulate ship movements in busy waters. Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speeds on the roads.
4. Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation. It has become the primary tool for short-term weather forecasting and watching for severe weather such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, winter storms, precipitation types, etc. Geologists use specialized ground-penetrating radars to map the composition of Earth's crust.
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Radar equipment makes it possible … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Progesterone is essential for the female fertilisation - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
It was in XXth century that organ transplantation became known to the world - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The social position of scribes in ancient Egypt - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Etiology of anorexia nervosa
1. The etiology of anorexia nervosa is unknown but appears to involve a combination of psychological, biologic, and cultural risk factors. Risk factors, such as sexual or physical abuse and a family history of mood disturbance, are best viewed as nonspecific risk factors that increase vulnerability to a range of psychiatric disorders, including anorexia nervosa.
2. Patients who develop anorexia nervosa are inclined to be more obsessional and perfectionist than their peers. The disorder often begins as a diet not distinguishable at the outset from those undertaken by many adolescents and young women. As weight loss progresses, the fear of gaining weight grows; dieting becomes stricter; and psychological, behavioral, and medical aberrations increase.
3. Numerous physiologic disturbances, including abnormalities in a variety of neurotransmitter systems, have been described in anorexia nervosa. It is difficult to distinguish neurochemical, metabolic, and hormonal changes that may have a role in the initiation or perpetuation of the syndrome from those that are secondary to the disorder.
4. Genetic factors contribute to the risk of development of anorexia nervosa, as its incidence is greater in families with one affected member and the concordance in monozygotic twins is greater than in dizygotic twins. However, specific genes have not been identified.
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Anorexia nervosa is initiated … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Weather observations are essential for the applied forecasting science - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Insurance
1. Insurance plays a central role in the functioning of modern economies. Life insurance offers protection against the economic impact of an untimely death; health insurance covers the sometimes extraordinary costs of medical care; and bank deposits are insured by the federal government. In each case a small premium is paid by the insured to receive benefits should an unlikely but high-cost event occur.
2. An understanding of insurance must begin with the concept of risk, or the variation in possible outcomes of a situation. A shipment of goods to Europe might arrive safely or might be lost in transit. A person may incur zero medical expenses in a good year, but if he is struck by a car, they could be upward of $100,000.
3. We cannot eliminate risk from life, even at extraordinary expense. Paying extra for double-hulled tankers still leaves oil spills possible. The only way to eliminate auto-related injuries is to eliminate automobiles. Thus, the effective response to risk combines two elements: efforts or expenditures to lessen the risk, and the purchase of insurance against the risk that remains.
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The effective reaction to the risk is …