Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами аннотирования
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Most performance art uses materials such as clay, metal or paint to create decorations - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Adaptation of the sewing machines for shoe-making - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Artificial lighting plays an important part in theatrical performances - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
People take part in different small group during the whole life - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
JACQUES CHIRAC
1. Premier président gaulliste depuis vingt et un ans, Jacques Chirac a mené une campagne annonçant de grandes réformes. Pourtant, rapidement, Jacques Chirac et son Premier ministre Alain Juppé vont affronter des difficultés économiques et financières qui les conduisent à infléchir leur politique dans le sens de la rigueur budgétaire (hausse des impôts, réduction des déficits), ce qui suscite un mouvement social important pendant l'hiver 1995–1996.
2. Le président et le gouvernement en subissent les conséquences en termes de popularité. Très actif en politique étrangère, Jacques Chirac connaît certains succès, comme en Bosnie-Herzégovine, mais il rencontre une forte opposition lors de la reprise temporaire des essais nucléaires français (1995). Il entreprend également une profonde refonte de la défense nationale, avec notamment la fin de la conscription. En revanche, la rigidité du gouvernement face aux revendications de la Corse accentue la violence et le sentiment d'un problème politique non réglé.
3. Les deux premières années de ce septennat sont marquées par une volonté de réforme de l'Etat, des tentatives de modification du système français de production, qui suscitent des réactions de défense, une volonté de simplifier la fiscalité et une accélération des processus de privatisations. Ces mesures s'inscrivent, sur le plan économique, dans la perspective de l'Union économique et monétaire et de la convergence des finances publiques.
4. L'insatisfaction de la population amène la victoire de la gauche aux élections législatives anticipées de 1997 et la formation d'un gouvernement de cohabitation dirigé par Lionel Jospin. Lors des élections régionales de mars 1998, la gauche plurielle devance en pourcentage de voix (34,5 %) la coalition RPR-UDF (32,5 %); le Front national remportant un peu plus de 15 % des voix.
Economie et science
Информация Jacques Chirac était très actif en politique étrangère, en même temps il y avait des problèmes de la politique intérieure non règlés соответствует содержанию _______ части текста - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Trademark infringement is sometimes compared to usual fooling of indifferent customers - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Materials differ in the degree of being beneficial - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A lot of useful drugs are developed with the aid of biochemical techniques - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Nuclear physics
1. The study of the nucleus of an atom is known as nuclear physics. As a result of this study, scientists have discovered ways of splitting the nucleus to release huge amounts of energy. There are two types of nuclear reactions: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. A controlled nuclear reaction inside a power station can be used to provide heat and light for our homes.
2. Nuclear power stations use fission to produce their energy. Fast-moving atomic particles called neutrons are fired at the nucleus of an atom to split it. This splitting is called fission and it causes other atoms to split in a chain reaction. Some mass (the number of heavy particles inside an atom) is lost in the process. This is converted into large amounts of nuclear energy.
3. Nuclear fusion is a type of nuclear reaction that creates huge amounts of energy. It takes place naturally inside the sun, creating the heat energy that we need to survive on Earth. At temperatures of about 14 million C dgr. the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms fuse, or join together. In the process, some mass (the number of heavy particles inside an atom) is lost and converted into energy. Scientists are trying to develop this form of nuclear reaction as a safer alternative to the nuclear fission that takes place in power stations.
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Both fusion and splitting of nuclei … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The personal self-development has priority over the acquiring of the social experience in the modern world - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Cable television
1. Cable television is a system of providing television to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted to televisions through optical fibers or coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional television broadcasting (via radio waves) in which a television antenna is required.
2. The abbreviation CATV is often used to mean «Cable TV». It originally stood for Community Antenna Television, from cable television's origins in 1948. In areas where over-the-air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large «community antennas» were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes.
3. It is most commonplace in North America, Europe, Australia and East Asia, though it is present in many other countries, mainly in South America and the Middle East. Cable TV has had little success in Africa, as it is not cost-effective to lay cables in sparsely populated areas. So-called «wireless cable» or microwave-based systems are used instead.
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The application of cable television enabled … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
All forms of life have changed throughout a billion-year history - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Animal investigations are applied in nutritional research - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Adults can be taught to read in special educational institutions - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Industrial Ecology considers industrial systems to be integral part of the biosphere - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
The Dichotomy of Inpatient and Outpatient Internal Medicine
1. The hospital environment has transformed dramatically over the past few decades. In more recent times, emergency departments and critical care units have evolved to identify and manage critically ill patients, allowing them to survive formerly fatal diseases. There is increasing pressure to reduce the length of stay in the hospital and to manage complex disorders in the outpatient setting. This transition has been driven not only by efforts to reduce costs but also by the availability of new outpatient technologies, such as imaging and percutaneous infusion catheters for long-term antibiotics or nutrition, and by evidence that outcomes are often improved by minimizing inpatient hospitalization.
2. Hospitals now consist of multiple distinct levels of care, such as the emergency department, procedure rooms, overnight observation units, critical care units, and palliative care units, in addition to traditional medical beds. Clearly, one of the important challenges in internal medicine is to maintain continuity, of care and information flow during these transitions, which threaten the traditional one-to-one relationship between patient and physician.
3. In the current environment, teams of physicians, specialists, and other health care professionals have often replaced the personal interaction between doctor and patient. The patient can benefit greatly from effective collaboration among a number of health care professionals; however, it is the duty of the primary physician to provide cohesive guidance through an illness. In order to meet this challenge, the primary physician must be familiar with the techniques, skills, and objectives of specialist physicians and allied health professionals.
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The problem of internal medicine today … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
About a half of all steel produced is recycled material - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Systems theory revolutionized management science - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
A heat engine
1. In thermodynamics, a heat engine is a system that performs the conversion of heat or thermal energy to mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a high temperature state to a lower temperature state. A heat «source» generates thermal energy that brings the working substance in the high temperature state. The working substance generates work in the «working body» of the engine while transferring heat to the colder «sink» until it reaches a low temperature state. During this process some of the thermal energy is converted into work by exploiting the properties of the working substance. The working substance can be any system with a non-zero heat capacity, but it usually is a gas or liquid.
2. In general an engine converts energy to mechanical work. Heat engines distinguish themselves from other types of engines by the fact that their efficiency is fundamentally limited by Carnot's theorem. Although this efficiency limitation can be a drawback, an advantage of heat engines is that most forms of energy can be easily converted to heat by processes like exothermic reactions (such as combustion), absorption of light or energetic particles, friction, dissipation and resistance. Since the heat source that supplies thermal energy to the engine can thus be powered by virtually any kind of energy, heat engines are very versatile and have a wide range of applicability.
3. Heat engines are often confused with the cycles they attempt to mimic. Typically when describing the physical device the term «engine» is used. When describing the model the term «cycle» is used.
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The disadvantage of heat engines is in … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Structural engineers are able to consider the physical properties of different materials - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The jury
1. In England a person accused of crime must always be presumed innocent until he has been proven guilty. If a criminal case is serious it is always investigated with a jury. What is a jury and how does it function?
2. There are 12 members of the jury both men and women. There are quite a lot of people in England who think that 12 ordinary men and women are not capable of understanding properly all the evidence given at criminal trials. But there is no doubt about it because judges are great experts in summing up the evidence. The judge calls the jury's attention to all most important points in the evidence. He favoures neither prosecution nor defence. The members of the jury decide only the questions of fact. Questions of law are for the judge. The jury retire to a private room to consider the verdict. If the jury cannot agree, they must be discharged and a new jury is formed.
3. A verdict has to be unanimous. English law requires that the guilt of an accused man must be proved 'beyond reasonable doubt'. When the jury return to the courtroom, they have to give only one answer "Guilty" or "Not guilty".
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The job of the jury is … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There two main reasons why silicon has become the most widely used semiconductor - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Soil ecology is the focus of investigations of ecologists and microbiologists - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Research showed that several synthetic compounds were more effective than quinine - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Research showed that several synthetic compounds were more effective than quinine - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Ancient Greek Architecture
1. The ambition of the ancient Greek architects was to discover eternally valid rules of form and proportion; to erect buildings human in scale yet suited to the divinity of their gods; to create, in other words, a classically ideal architecture. Their success may be measured by the fact that their works have been copied on and off for some 2,500 years and have never been superseded. The Greek derived much from other Mediterranean civilizations – the plan of the temple from Crete, the columnar form from Egypt, the capital from Assyria.
2. One of the greatest monuments of ancient Greek architecture is the Athenian Acropolis. The Acropolis, the Greek for upper town, stands on a low rocky hill and contains the ruins of several ancient Greek architectural monuments.
3. The Parthenon, a stately building with an eight – column facade honouring the goddess Athena, was built by Ictinus and Callicrates in 447-438 B.C. Next to the Parthenon is an Ionic temple of Athena, the Erechtheum, built by anonymous architect in 421-406 B.C. In has the unparalleled portrayal of a contemporary event on the frieze of the building. It also had to serve different cults, which meant that its architect had to design a building with three porches and three different floor levels.
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The term «acropolis» means in Greek … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Henry Ford
1. Modern production methods took a giant leap forward in 1913 when Henry Ford introduced the use of the assembly line in the production of automobiles. In those days, workers simply picked a spot on the factory floor, and assembled the car from the bottom up. As business grew, Ford began manufacturing many of the component parts formerly purchased from suppliers. Typically, the components were put together by one worker who performed all the operations necessary to assemble them. The method was quite costly, and so only the wealthy could afford to buy automobiles in those days.
2. This did not please Henry Ford who wanted to bring the price of automobiles down to the point where most families could afford them. The key to achieving this goal, in Ford's view, was through the improvement of labour productivity. He needed to find a way to 1) limit the number of operations performed by each worker, 2) bring the work to the worker rather than the other way around, and 3) perform each operation in the most efficient sequence he could find. He found what he was seeking in his new creation: the assembly line.
3. Ford's first line, introduced in April 1913, was used to assemble generators. Working in the old way, one worker had been able to put together 25 to 30 generators in a 9-hour day. This translated to something around 20 minutes per assembly. The new line broke the operation into 29 steps performed by individual workers on parts that were brought to them by the steadily moving assembly line. The new process reduced assembly time to an average of 13 minutes per generator.
4. One year later, additional experimentation divided production into 84 operations and reduced assembly time to 5 minutes per generator. Assembly line methods brought the price of automobiles within the reach of millions of American families. Henry Ford was not an economist, but his assembly lines had changed dramatically both American households and its factories.
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The assembly line made it possible to … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Advertising
1. Advertising is one of the largest industries. It is an important means of promoting the goods that are being produced as well as new lines in business. There are specialized firms dealing with advertising, different kinds of mass media (TV, radio, newspapers, cinema, journals, magazines, posters) are used for advertising goods. Special leaflets, booklets and other printed matter about goods may be published for the same purpose. Participation in fairs and exhibitions helps to promote the goods as well.
2. Advertising benefits consumers and the economy in a number of ways: it provides us with information about prices, appearance of certain new goods and services, and their availability; advertising often results in lower prices because by creating mass markets, advertising enables producers to reduce the costs of their products and pass those savings on to the consumers; advertising stimulates competition, and competition benefits all of us; advertising pays most of the cost of magazines and newspapers, and all of the cost of commercial radio and TV.
Advertising helps the economy as a whole by stimulating consumer demand. Consumer spending has a direct effect on the health of the economy. Advertising helps to keep that spending at healthy levels.
3. Not everyone agrees that advertising benefits the economy. Critics list the following points of its disadvantages: the information contained in advertising does not inform and often misleads the consumer; because it costs money to advertise, this cost is added to the price consumers pay; consumers are tempted to spend money for products they do not really need; radio and TV are not really free because the cost of advertising on them is also passed on to the consumer.
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The principal targets of advertising are … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Mapmaking is a two-way procedure - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The forests of the tropics are the most diverse natural communities - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
You should follow some essential steps to protect your computer from viruses - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Criminal Procedure
1. Criminal procedure, also called the criminal process, is the mechanism through which crimes are investigated, the guilt of criminals adjudicated, and punishment imposed. Criminal procedure makes the criminal law work. Criminal law defines what conduct is criminal and prescribes the punishment for criminal conduct. Criminal procedure aims to make sure that criminal sanctions are applied only to those who are guilty, and only through procedures that are recognized as fair. One goal of the criminal process is to punish the guilty, but other goals are to protect the innocent and to ensure that even the guilty are protected from abuse by the government.
2. The stages in criminal procedure are investigating, prosecuting, trying, deciding guilt, sentencing and carrying out the sentence. Different bodies can be given one of these jobs. For example, the police can be in charge of investigating the crime; a prosecution service of prosecuting; the judges of presiding over the trial; a jury of deciding whether to convict; an appeal court of settling whether the trial was fair; a prison service of carrying out the sentence if the suspect is convicted and sentenced to prison.
3. No one authority (police, prosecution, judge, jury, prison service) should have too much power. State powers should be sliced up, and the slices should be able to keep a check on one another. The police will not be able to prosecute unless they can persuade the prosecution service that there is a strong case. The judge will if necessary rule at the trial that the prosecution has not produced enough evidence. If the jury think the judge has shown bias during the trial they will probably acquit the suspect even though they might otherwise convicted him. If the suspect is convicted but thinks the procedure has been unfair he can persuade the government to advise the head of state to pardon him.
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One of the tasks of criminal procedure is … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Sailing charts are referred to nautical charts - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Heat causes the food’s surfaces to brown, giving it an attractive appearance and taste - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Manufactured Building Materials
1. One of the building materials used in a construction is a brick. The production of a brick was industrialized in the 19th century. Earlier it was a process of hand-molding. Later it was superseded by «pressed» bricks. It was a mass production by a mechanical extrusion process. In this way clay was squeezed by «pressed» through a rectangular die as a continuous column and sliced to size by a wire cutter. Periodically fired kilns were used. Bricks were moved slowly on a conveyor belt. New methods considerably reduced the cost of a brick. That's why it became one of the constituent building materials of the age.
2. Rapid development of timber technology was in the 19th century in North America. It could be explained by large softwood fir's forests and pine trees. There they were used as industrial methods. Steam- and water-powered sawmills began producing standard-dimension timbers in the 1820s. The production of cheap machine-made nails began in the 1830s. It provided other necessary ingredient – a balloon frame. That made possible a major innovation in building construction.
3. The first example was a warehouse erected in Chicago in 1832 by George W. Snow. There was a great demand for small buildings of alt types settled on North American continent. Light timber frame provided a quick, flexible, inexpensive solution to this problem. Heavy timbers and complex joinery were abandoned in the balloon frame system.
4. The building walls were framed with 5x10-centimetre (2x4-mch) vertical members. They were placed at 40 centimeters (16 inches) from the centre. This supplied a roof and floor Joists, usually 5x25 centimeters (2x10 inches) and placed 40 centimeters (16 inches) apart and were capable of spanning up to six meters (20 feet).
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A balloon frame is … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
1. The architecture of Byzantium, or Eastern Roman Empire, was the culmination of Early Christian architecture. This style can be traced back to the period after 330 BC. The art characteristic of the developed Byzantine Empire had enormous influence on both East and West, spread widely and lasted throughout the Middle Ages until the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453.
2. The dominant Byzantine art was architecture. It was characterized by round arches, elaborate columns, richness in decorative elements and colour. But the chief contribution of the Byzantine style to the architecture of the world was large pendentive-supported dome. Brick was the main material used for the construction of Byzantine churches. It was covered externally with plaster and internally with thin marble facing and mosaics above.
3. The Byzantine style reached a high point in the reign of the Emperor Justinian (527-565). He built and rebuilt 26 churches, many hospitals, bridges aqueducts, and fortress. The outstanding masterpiece of Byzantine church architecture is Hagia or Saint Sophia in Constantinople (now Istanbul). Hagia Sophia remained unique and no attempts were thereafter made by Byzantine Builders to emulate it. Its chief feature is the huge dome, approximately 32.6 m in diameter, rising 56 m above the floor. It’s carried on pendentives. There are also half-domes at two ends which are, in turn, carried by smaller semidomed exedrae. The interior surface of the edifice is richly decorated.
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The character traits of Byzantine architecture are … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Carrier’s first experience was connected with the system of factory humidity control - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
A transistor is the key element of the Information Technologies Age - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Intelligence
1. Intelligence has been an important and controversial topic throughout psychology's history. In addition to questions of exactly how to define intelligence, the debate continues today about whether it can be accurately measured. Today's intelligence tests are based largely on the original test devised in the early 1900's by French psychologist Alfred Binet. In order to identify students in need of extra assistance in school, the French government asked Binet to devise a test that could be used to discover which students most needed academic help.
2. Faced with this task, Binet and his colleague Theodore Simon began developing a number of questions that focused on things that had not been taught in school such as attention, memory and problem-solving skills. Using these questions, Binet determined which ones served as the best predictors of school success. He quickly realized that some children were able to answer more advanced questions that older children were generally able to answer, while other children of the same age were only able to answer questions that younger children could typically answer. Based on this observation, Binet suggested the concept of a mental age, or a measure of intelligence based on the average abilities of children of a certain age group.
3. This test, first published in 1916, was called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and soon became the standard intelligence test used in the U.S. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test used a single number, known as the intelligence quotient (or IQ), to represent an individual's score on the test. The term «intelligence quotient» or IQ, was first coined in the early twentieth century by a German psychologist named William Stern. Since that time, intelligence testing has emerged as a widely used tool that has led to the development of many other tests of skill and aptitude.
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According to Binet intelligence can only be compared among children … - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The wall placement depends on the support type for floors and roofs - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
How Batteries Work
1. An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.
2. Inside the battery itself, a chemical reaction produces the electrons. The speed of electron production by this chemical reaction (the battery's internal resistance) controls how many electrons can flow between the terminals. Electrons flow from the battery into a wire, and must travel from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to take place. That is why a battery can be stored on a shelf for a year and still have plenty of power. Once you connect a wire, the reaction starts.
3. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.
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Batteries’ long life is provided by … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Law
1. Law in common parlance means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on one's view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a «system of rules», as an «interpretive concept» to achieve justice, as an «authority» to mediate people's interests, and even as "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction".
2. However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas.
3. Law tells many of history's stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth.
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Legal policy contains … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Personality
1. In long-term studies of personality, some of the most core parts of personality remain stable throughout life. Three aspects that do tend to change as we age are anxiety levels, friendliness and eagerness for novel experiences. According to researcher Paul T. Costa, there is no evidence our overall personalities change as we grow older. What changes as you go through life are your roles and the issues that matter most to you. People may think their personality has changed as they age, but it is their habits that change, their vigor and health, their responsibilities and circumstances – not their basic personality.
2. In the past, researchers have debated exactly how many personality traits exist. Early researchers such as Allport suggested that there were as many as 4,000 distinct personality traits, while others such as Raymond Cattell proposed that there were 16. Today, many personality researchers support the five-factor theory of personality, which describes five broad personality dimensions that compose human personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness.
3. It is very likely that when you think about people's online identities, you might imagine that most people try to present an idealized version of their real selves. After all, in most online situations you get to pick and choose the information you want to reveal. You get to select the most attractive photos of yourself to post and you can edit and revise your comments before you make them. Surprisingly, one study discovered that Facebook profiles are actually quite good at conveying your real personality.
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Social network viewers are able to get an accurate read on a person’s personality based on … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Renaissance
1. Renaissance, literally «rebirth», is the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, traditionally held to have been characterized by a rise of interest in classical learning and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner’s compass,and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation.
2. The term Middle Ages was coined by scholars in the 15th century to designate the interval between the downfall of the classical world of Greece and Rome and its rediscovery at the beginning of their own century, a revival in which they felt they were participating. Indeed, the notion of a long period of cultural darkness had been expressed by Petrarch even earlier. Events at the end of the Middle Ages, particularly beginning in the 12th century, caused a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations that culminated in the Renaissance. These included the increasing failure of the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire to provide a stable and unifying framework for the organization of spiritual and material life, the rise in importance of city-states and national monarchies, the development of national languages, and the breakup of the old feudal structures.
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The period of the Renaissance is remarkable for the great achievements in geography, such as the … - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The Law of Habeas Corpus
1. In the United States, Britain, and many other English-speaking countries, the law of Habeas Corpus guarantees that nobody can be held in prison without trial. Habeas Corpus became a law because of a wild party held in 1621 at the London home of a notoriously rowdy lady, Alice Robinson. When a constable appeared and asked her and her guests to quiet down, Mrs. Robinson allegedly swore at him so violently that he arrested her, and a local justice of the peace committed her to jail.
2. When she was finally brought to trial, Mrs. Robinson’s story of her treatment in prison caused an outcry. She had been put on a punishment diet of bread and water, forced to sleep on the bare earth and given 50 lashes. Such treatment was barbaric even by the harsh standards of the time; what made it worse was that Mrs. Robinson was pregnant. Public anger was so great that she was acquitted, the constable who had arrested her without a warrant was himself sent to prison, and the justice of the peace was severely reprimanded. And the case, along with other similar cases, led to the passing of the Habeas Corpus Act in Britain in 1679.
3. The law is still on the British statute books, and a version of it is used in the United States, where the law was regarded as such an important guarantee of liberty that Article 1 of the Constitution declares that “Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of rebellion or invasion”.
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The law of Habeas Corpus guarantees a person … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Hats are out of fashion - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
Causes of danger to natural communities and wild species - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Technology
1. Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, and crafts, or is systems or methods of organization, or is a material product of these things. The word technology comes from the Greek technología meaning craft and the study of something, or the branch of knowledge of a discipline. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas.
2. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. 3. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.
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People use technology … - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
It was the carbon filament bulb which displaced coal-gas jets - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Jet airplanes are also built from kits