Тема Поисковое чтение с целью определения наличия в тексте запрашиваемой информации
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Ecology focuses on the higher levels of life organization - Определите, является ли утверждение:
All the planktonic organisms are either phytoplankton or zooplankton - Определите, является ли утверждение:
In 1968 Ernst returned to his alma mater as a full professor - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Another early application for MEMS was in inkjet printheads - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There are firms which consider it necessary for their young managers to acquire international experience - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Plastic Materials
1. Plastic materials are not found in nature. Plastic is formed by extrusion or injection molding under very high pressure. It can be molded into any desired shape. Organic plastics are divided into two general groups: thermosetting and thermoplastic. The thermosetting group becomes rigid through a chemical change that occurs when heat is applied. These plastics cannot be remolded. The thermoplastic group remains soft at high temperatures and must be cooled before becoming rigid. This group is not used generally as a structural material.
2. Plastics are rapidly becoming important construction materials because of their great variety, strength, durability and lightness. Plastics are light. The benefits of light weight coupled with good strength and absence of corrosion offer tremendous potential as alternatives to traditional building materials. A given volume of polythene weights less than one-eighth of an equal volume of iron and less than half of the same volume of aluminum.
3. Plastics are used in the industry and in the household: from rockets and electronics to toys and house ware. Plastic products offer many advantages over the materials they replace, such as ease of handling, lower maintenance costs and rapidity of assembly. The insulation and dielectric properties of plastics led to their early use in the electrical engineering industry, which was followed by special application in mechanical engineering.
4. Using of plastics as materials for a construction in the form of sheets, rods or tubes is substituting the conventional metals. Plastics offer a lot of properties for the designs. Plastics have now been developed to such an extent that they can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundations to the final coat of paint.
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The problem of recycling is one of the most important problems of environmental engineering - Определите, является ли утверждение:
A rotogravure printing press has one printing unit - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Kings owned the land in the Middle Ages - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Crop alteration and biotechnology
1. Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years, since the beginning of civilization. Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds, drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests.
2. Crop breeding includes techniques such as plant selection with desirable traits, self-pollination and cross-pollination, and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism. Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield, improved disease resistance and drought tolerance, eased harvest and improved the taste and nutritional value of crop plants.
3. Careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. The green revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield many folds by creating «high-yielding varieties». For example, average yields of corn (maize) in the USA have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40 bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001. Variations in yields are due mainly to variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques.
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Wastes sorting for further processing is done only by the materials recycling facilities - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Easy Metal Designs of Building
1. A basic fast construction for buildings is a metal skeleton. There metal vertical racks and horizontal crossbar with the help of bolt connections gather in cross-section frames. The cross-section frames are a system of extensions or communications, giving to design settlement durability fastens. Then roofing, wall runs, frames under windows, doors are established. Thus a bearing skeleton is ready. Further it is possible to use any facing. It can be ferro-concrete, bricklaying, special panels such as «sandwich», any combinations of the specified designs. In a «sandwich» panel every panel consists of two sheets of the zinced iron between which a special heater is placed. The design has no internal skeleton. Its durability is reached due to the certain orientation of fibers.
2. The scope of fast metallic construction is very wide. They are used at the construction of any industrial targets, warehouses, sports complexes. Recently fast construction designs are used in the market. This process makes metallic construction attractive in the field of trading constructions. A cost of a building from a metallic construction is 30-40% less, than on construction of a similar building, using traditional materials.
3. Today a fast metallic construction is a leader among all building designs, first of all, because of its low price. On the other hand, it has the shortest terms of erection. The economy of time can become very significant and essentially important for any customer. Besides the price and terms of assembly, fast metallic constructions have more important advantage. The matter is that a metallic construction is not only quickly gathered, but also can be disassembled fast and without special financial expenses.
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Cognitive psychology
1. Cognitive psychology is a discipline within psychology that investigates the internal mental processes of thought such as visual processing, memory, problem solving, and language. The school of thought arising from this approach is known as cognitivism which is interested in how people mentally represent information processing.
2. Cognitive psychologists use psychophysical and experimental approaches to understand, diagnose, and solve problems, concerning themselves with the mental processes which mediate between stimulus and response.
3. Cognitive science differs from cognitive psychology in that algorithms that are intended to simulate human behavior are implemented or implementable on a computer. In other instances, solutions may be found through insight, a sudden awareness of relationships.
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Mr Howarth¢s lawyer claimed that this was not typical of his normal behaviour - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Some foods, such as dairy foods and eggs, can’t be irradiated because it makes them radioactive - Определите, является ли утверждение:
A transceiver passes the unwanted part of waves to the signal processor - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Vacuum
1. Evangelista Torricelli produced the first laboratory vacuum in 1643, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his theories of atmospheric pressure. A torricellian vacuum is created by filling a tall glass container closed at one end with mercury and then inverting the container into a bowl to contain the mercury.
2. The quality of a vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Residual gas pressure is a primary indicator of quality, and is most commonly measured in units called torr, even in metric contexts. Lower pressures indicate higher quality, although other variables must also be taken into account.
3. Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human health, and on life forms in general.
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Insurance
1. Insurance plays a central role in the functioning of modern economies. Life insurance offers protection against the economic impact of an untimely death; health insurance covers the sometimes extraordinary costs of medical care; and bank deposits are insured by the federal government. In each case a small premium is paid by the insured to receive benefits should an unlikely but high-cost event occur.
2. An understanding of insurance must begin with the concept of risk, or the variation in possible outcomes of a situation. A shipment of goods to Europe might arrive safely or might be lost in transit. A person may incur zero medical expenses in a good year, but if he is struck by a car, they could be upward of $100,000.
3. We cannot eliminate risk from life, even at extraordinary expense. Paying extra for double-hulled tankers still leaves oil spills possible. The only way to eliminate auto-related injuries is to eliminate automobiles. Thus, the effective response to risk combines two elements: efforts or expenditures to lessen the risk, and the purchase of insurance against the risk that remains.
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At the turn of the century quinacrine was the only known drug to have any appreciable effect on malaria - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Kings controlled the land use in the Middle Ages - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Marine animals’ embryos require the protection - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Grundlagen des Maschinenbaus
1. Der Maschinenbau ist eine ganze Reihe von Industriezweigen, die mit der Produktion von Maschinen, Werkzeugmaschinen, Geräten, Vorrichtungen, verschiedenen Werkzeugen für Volkswirtschaft, Transportmittel beschäftigt sind. Die Hauptaufgabe bei der Herstellung eines beliebigen Werkzeuges ist das Erreichen von hohen technischen und Betriebskennzeichnungen. Die wichtigsten von denen sind: Leistungsfähigkeit, Wirtschaftlichkeit, Festigkeit, Zuverlässigkeit.
2. Die Bedeutung jedes von den genannten Faktoren hängt von der Bestimmung, vom Ziel einer Maschine ab, weil an der ersten Stelle die Produktivität, die Zuverlässigkeit, der Automatisierungsgrad stehen. Unter der Maschine ist die Maschine zu verstehen, die zur Herstellung der Produktivitätswerkzeuge ausgenutzt wird.
3. In den Metallbearbeitungsmaschinen sind es: Produktivität, Präzision der Bearbeitung, der Umfang der zu erfüllenden Operationen. In den Geräten sind es: die Genauigkeit, die Empfindlichkeit, die Stabilität der Angaben. In der Transporttechnik, besonders im Flugzeugbau und Raketentechnik sind es: das geringe Gewicht und der hohe Wirkungsgrad des Motors.
4. Eine große Bedeutung im Maschinenbau hat die Ökonomik. Mit der Lösung der individuellen Kennziffern denkt der Maschinenbauer schon für jedes Erzeugnis gründlich über die Fragen der Erhöhung des Nutzeffekts, der Steigerung der Lebensdauer, der Senkung der Selbstkosten.
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ASSEMBLY LINE
1. An assembly line is industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of workpieces in mass-production operations. It is designed by determining the sequences of operations for manufacture of each product component as well as the final product. Each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible. Work assignments, numbers of machines, and production rates are programmed so that all operations performed along the line are compatible.
2. An automotive assembly line starts with a bare chassis; components are attached successively as the growing assemblage moves along a conveyor. Parts are matched into subassemblies on feeder lines that intersect the main line to deliver body parts, engines, and other assemblies. As the units move past, each worker along the line performs a specific function. Each part and tool is delivered to its point of use in synchronisation with the line. A number of different assemblies are on the line simultaneously, but an intricate system of scheduling and control ensures that the appropriate body type and colour, trim, engine, and optional equipment arrive together to make the desired combinations.
3. Automated assembly lines consist entirely of machines run by machines. In such continuous-process industries as petroleum refining and chemical manufacture and in many modern automobile-engine plants, assembly lines are completely mechanised and consist almost entirely of automatic, self-regulating equipment.
4. Most products, however, are still assembled by hand because many component parts are not easily handled by a simple mechanism. The number of products automatically assembled is steadily increasing but at a low rate because a product must be designed for automatic assembly and must be accurately and consistently manufactured. Expensive and somewhat inflexible, automatic assembly machines are economical only if run at very high outputs. However, the development of versatile automatic machinery and industrial robots is increasing the flexibility of fully automated assembly operations.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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Industrial robots with fully automated assembly operations will be extensively used in future - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Constructing Walls for Buildings
1. Walls may be constructed in different forms. The walls include windows and doors, heads and sills, stanchion casings and inner lining panels. The doors and windows provide for controlled passage of environmental factors and people through the wall line. The aluminium heads, sills and windows are fixed from inside the building. After this, the 900 mm and 1.800 mm wide exterior doors are installed. These doors are aluminum framed.
2. All walls are also designed to provide resistance to passage of fire for some defined period of time, such as a one-hour wall. The function of resisting fire is fulfilled by stanchions. The stanchions are enclosed in casings.
3. The walls are divided into interior and exterior walls. The exterior walls protect the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and cold, sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, rain, sound, while containing desirable interior environmental conditions. The exterior walls are made up of brick cladding, wall planks. The wall planks are designed to be weatherproof and to support the outer cladding.
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Most animal diseases are dangerous for human beings - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Training in Britain
1. Not all British students study full time at university or college. Many people combine their studies with work. Some companies release their staff for training one or two days a week or two month a year. Large companies often have their own in-house training schemes.
2. The British government is very enthusiastic about such training schemes, in particular because so few people go to university. Only 25 per cent of the student population goes on to higher education.
3. If you unemployed, there are two forms of training schemes: employment training for people who have been out of work for a long time and Youth Training Schemes for school-leavers who cannot find a job.
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4-year-old children have four levels of organization - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The first country to recycle waste paper was the USA - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Current conducting materials absorb radio waves - Определите, является ли утверждение:
The real applications of nanotechnology that have moved out of the lab and into the marketplace are suntan lotion, cosmetics, chemistry, drug delivery systems, sport goods, etc - Определите, является ли утверждение:
There were wide animal metabolism studies at the beginning of the 1900s - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Animal tests are usually repeated using different methods - Определите, является ли утверждение:
‘Belly Box’ style controller is ideal for mobile communication - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The state
1. The state has an important part to play in making and enforcing law. But what is a state? It is a political unit with a territory that the international community treats as independent, for example the United Kingdom, Barbados or Japan. Law settles how the state is to be governed (its constitution), what duties it owes its citizens, and what duties they owe to one another and to it. The law of the state consists of a system of government, together with a framework for making the life of citizens more secure and for enabling them to flourish.
2. Since each state has its own system of law, there are many legal systems: the law of the United Kingdom, Barbados, Japan, etc. The laws of states differ a bit but also have much in common. Legal systems are called systems because in each state or part of a state with its own laws there are official bodies concerned with the whole of its law. These bodies – the branches of the state – are the legislature, which makes laws, the executive government, which puts laws into effect, and the judges, who decide disputes about the law. These branches of government try to see that the laws do not conflict with one another. In other words, they treat the laws as pans of a system that hangs together.
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New technologies optimize the prepress stage in the printing industry - Определите, является ли утверждение:
A council individual member hasn’t got any administrative functions - Определите, является ли утверждение:
More than 30 engineers participated in the creation of the MX Revolution - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Every tree on the Earth has growth rings called annual rings - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Medium-range forecastings became practicable with the global forecasting models development - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Building Construction
1. Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable such as leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building.
2. Another trend is quest for buildings of greater height and span. It was possible by the development of stronger building materials and by knowledge of how materials behave and how to exploit them to greater advantage. The third trend involves the degree of control exercised over the interior environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, air speed.
3. All factors that affect human comfort become possible. A modern trend is change in energy of the construction progress, starting with human muscle power and developing toward the powerful machinery.
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In circuits small paths of metal work act as wires - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Habitat is the basic unit of landscape studies - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Industrial robots with fully automated assembly operations will be extensively used in future - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Enforcing the law
1. Governments have many ways to be sure that citizens obey the law. They explain to the public what the law is and try to provide social support for law and order. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They use courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. And they try to re-educate and reform people who have broken the law. Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?
2. The laws of all countries are in written records – the legal codes of countries, etc. Many people do not know where to find these records. But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it. Governments usually expect citizens to know the laws. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving, which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn't know exactly which law it is.
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The preventive measures were taken to treat waterborne diseases - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Arbitration and litigation are both forms of binding dispute resolution - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Production management’s responsibilities include carrying out advertising and PR campaigns - Определите, является ли утверждение:
Standard sizes are useful for industrializing the making of clothing - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Sex Roles in America
1. Historians have argued that the early colonists in this country granted women a higher status than they had held in England. One reason for the break with English custom was the importance of women's labor in colonial times. Each family had to be virtually self-sufficient, so the work of both sexes was vitally important.
2. In the nineteenth century middle-class women did not work outside the home. Economic and political doings were men's responsibilities; the domestic side of life was the domain of women. The family was regarded as a kind of retreat from the stress and tension of the workaday world; a good wife provided an atmosphere of tranquility, affection, and warmth.
3. During the mid-nineteenth century the western migration, the abortion and social-reform movement, the Civil War, missionary activity, and industrialism had the combined effect of undermining the cult of True Womanhood by involving women in activities outside the home. Yet despite the departure of many women from family-centered concerns, our gender ideals and attitudes about sex roles are still rooted in the nineteenth-century belief in the «rightness» of man-as-provider, woman-as-homemaker.
4. Today, although these stereotypes persist, they have been weakened by several forces. One of the truths that has emerged from psychological research is that there is no such thing as a «pure» masculine personality or a «pure» feminine personality. There are traits of autonomy and dependency, aggression and passivity, in all of us, male and female. Any given personality is a complex mix of all these traits. Another factor that has weakened stereotypes about the sexes is the realization that the stereotypes are not «natural» but, rather, are created by the society.
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To decrease their exposure to pollutants in the air people should exercise outdoors on hot, smoggy days