Тема Распознавание значений слов по контексту
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It is a well-known fact that every building needs permanent stability. In order to have stability, buildings should have foundations. We know that the function of a foundation is to transfer the loads of a building into the soil. Foundations keep the walls and the floors of buildings from direct contact with the soil. They guard the walls and the floors against the action of the weather – rain, snow, and wind. Foundations keep the walls and the floors of buildings from direct contact with the soil. They also guard buildings against sinking that may cause cracks in the walls. Foundation design is very special. It may be both rather complex and very simple. It is a common practice that for very small buildings foundation design is usually much simpler than for large ones - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Santa Barbara, a favourite Californian vacation town, is famous for its Spanish architecture. The story began in 1925. A big earthquake destroyed many of the buildings. After this disaster, a woman called Pearl Chase worked hard to bring in new laws. All the buildings in Santa Barbara, she said, must be in the Spanish style, with white walls and red roofs. People agreed with her, and Santa Barbara today is one of the prettiest towns in the United States - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Carbohydrates give energy. There are carbohydrates in bread, sugar, potatoes, pasta and rice.
Fats make you strong and give you energy. There are fats in meat, butter and cheese and oil.
Vitamins are important for your eyes, your skin, your hair and for other parts of your body. There are 13 types of vitamins (A,B,C and so on). There are vitamins in many types of food - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Your choice of wines will depend on the type of dinner you organize and the tastes of your guests. For example, you can choose to serve only champagne if you wish to be very ceremonial or very romantic. But if you organize a casual barbecue party, you can choose the option of serving the same fresh light red wine or rose during the whole time. Red wine is for red meat, light red wine is for white meat. Dry white wine is for fish or seafood. Sweet white wine is for dessert - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Some measuring instruments are fitted with dials. To prevent incorrect readings, always read the dial correctly. Read the deal from directly in front so that the reflection is behind the needle. If the dial is not viewed from the front the reading will be incorrect - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
The first teeth erupt between 6 to 9 months. These are lower central incisors. The gums look a bit swollen for a few days, and then tiny white spot appears, which the tooth is. Over the next 3 – 4 months the teeth erupt with great rapidity the central pair, the upper central pair and then two more on each side in the lower and upper jaws – making a total of 8 incisors.
The entire set of 20 teeth erupts by the age of 2.5 years. These are primary teeth - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления.
In the north of Moscow, and visible for miles around, rises the giant reinforced tower of Moscow’s TV centre. The tower was built in 1968 to a design by D. Burdin, M. Shkud and L. Shchipakin. Altogether 533-m high, the TV tower has an observation platform and a restaurant at the height of 328 metres. The restaurant revolves slowly round the tower and offers a splendid circular view of Moscow. Despite its enormous size the tower seems amazingly light. It replaced the old iron-girder tower in Shabolovka Street, built by the engineer I. Shukhov. Yet, unlike its predecessor, this TV tower does not play a purely functional role but is at the same time a most important architectural landmark. The multistory building of the TV centre stands alongside the tower - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
A solid body has a definite form, and tends to keep it; a liquid body must be kept in a vessel and adapts itself to the shape of that vessel, but so as to keep its upper surface horizontal, it tends, moreover, to flow from a higher to lower level. A gas, or a gaseous body, cannot be kept in an open vessel, but must be kept in a vessel closed in all sides; it always fills the vessel completely - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Leeds market, in the north of England, was built in 1857.Part of the market is still very traditional and sells coloured sweets, biscuits, jewellery, materials and china. But there are other new sections to the market which sell cheap toys, music cassettes and plastic shoes.
You can also buy cheap food, fruit and vegetables and some of the best bread to be had anywhere. In one corner it is even possible to buy a simple meal and (if you don’t mind the noise) to sit and watch everything going on around you for hours on end - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Wood belongs to naturally growing materials. It is known to be the oldest construction material and is still widely used for different purposes. Wood is popular since it has low weight and is easy to work. Besides, it grows naturally and is cheap. But its usage is limited because of its disadvantages: it easily burns and decays. As to stone, it also belongs to the oldest building materials. Among its disadvantages there are strength, high heat insulation and fire-resistance - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
The people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn’t need to know where it is, the browser follows the link - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Brick belongs to artificial construction materials. It has been used in many countries and in different climates. In modern times bricks vary widely with the method of production and temperature of burning.
Concrete is known to be one of the most popular building materials. It is produced by mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper amounts - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Parliament is the most important authority in Britain. Parliament first met in the 13th century. Britain does not have a written constitution, but a set of laws. In 1689 Mary II and William III became the first constitutional monarchs. They could rule only with the support of the Parliament. Parliament is made up of two parts: the House of Lords and the House of Commons - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления.
The WWW is merely a subset of information published on the Internet. The only thing distinguishing information on the Web from other types of information on the Internet is the format in which the information is published. Web documents are published in Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML). In order to put up a web page of your own, whether individual or business, you need to get access to the WWW by either renting space on an existing commercial Web server, or by putting up your own Web server and paying for a connection to someone else’s data pipeline - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Each search engine maintains a unique index, and operates in a particular manner. Different search engines use different robots, scan different pages for different information, use different classification and search strategies and display results in different ways. Before using an unfamiliar search engine for the first time it is always sensible to browse through its help file to get a few tips on what it offers. Most of them attempt - at least nominally - to incorporate the more user-friendly directory style in some way, but trying to keep up with them is a continual learning process - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
The court reporter has the duty of recording all proceedings in the courtroom, including testimony of the witnesses, objections made to evidence by the attorneys and the ruling of the court thereon, and listing and marking for identification any exhibits offered or introduced into evidence. In some states, the clerk of the court has charge of exhibits - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Carefully read the demands made of the given position. The demand to know a foreign language is very important. In most cases there is a need for free command of the language – Fluent English. Free command implies an ability freely to deal with a foreign manager, competently to compile documents and speak on the phone. This demand may prove to be the most important - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
The eye is a genuinely amazing thing. It is a tiny, intricate assembly of light sensitive cells, an adjustable lens and diaphragm, and nerves which transmit impulses to the visual cortex of the brain. The eye has probably evolved from a simple light sensitive spot on an ancestral creature long ago into a retina and lens of great complexity.
However, it is often given by religious people, as an example to disprove evolution and prove creation – only a divine designer, they say, could have fashioned such an exquisite thing - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
If you are applying for a new work place before the interview you have to send your Resume, the Cover Letter, and the Letter of Recommendation that are expected in such cases.
A resume or a CV (curriculum vitae) is a summary of your history and professional qualifications.
Make sure your resume (CV) focuses on the kind of work you can and want to do.
If you have worked successfully in an area related to the job you are applying for, emphasize it. It sometimes happens that the most qualified people don’t always get the job. It goes to the person who presents himself well in person and on paper - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunication systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: a user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
There exist different ways of producing concrete. It can be produced by mixing the ingredients and pouring the mixture into position on the very site of building. Concrete can also be produced in a factory, and used as a material for manufacturing prefabricated blocks. Accordingly, there exist the so-called in-situ (cast-in-place) concrete and precast concrete - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
A resume of your career, sometimes called a Curriculum Vitae or CV, informs the employer about the experience and skills you have.
A good resume should:
1. Attract attention.
2. Create a positive impression.
3. Present your skills and qualities clearly and concisely.
The purpose of your resume is to tell the employer why you should be hired. A good resume is the first step to a job interview.
The resume may be photocopied and sent off to many employers. You can change the sections of the content according to the different needs of the organizations - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
A pawn is a pledge of tangible personal property, usually of small size and high value. This type of pledge includes items such as jewelry, cameras, or musical instruments. It excludes such items as stocks or bonds or other documents of value. A pawnbroker is a person in the business of lending money at interest who requires such tangible personal property as security - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Rappers Run DMC sang about their favourite trainers in the 1986 hit ‘My Adidas’. The group were fans of the Adidas ‘Superstar’ shoe. The Superstar was worn without any laces. It was the coolest trainer on the street until Nike and Reebok became popular in the late 80s - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого словосочетания.
Calcium and phosphorus are important minerals in fetal – bone development, a pregnant woman requires 1.200 mg of calcium and phosphorus daily. This is a 50 increase over what a woman needed before she became pregnant.
Dairy products are excellent sources of both calcium and phosphorus, as well as of vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления.
Web designers use Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) to create and format Web pages. HTML uses a set of codes, called tags, to structure a Web document that will run in a browser. There are hundreds of tags you can use to format text, insert graphics, animations, sound and video. But you do not need to understand HTML to make your own personal home page. Many word-processing, desktop publishing and Web-authoring programs will generate HTML tags for you. To upload, or copy, your Web page to a Web server, use the server’s File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
At the bread counter you take loaves of brown (rye) or white (wheat) bread, rusks, rolls and buns.
There is a big choice of items in the confectionery: sugar, granulated sugar, caramel, sweets, chocolates, bars of chocolate, biscuits, pastry, jam puffs, fancy cakes, tarts, fruit cakes, wafers, marmalade and also tea, coffee, cocoa.
Next to it is the delicatessen counter which offers you all kinds of sausages: boiled, half-smoked and smoked, liver paste, ham, lean boiled pork with spices (buzhenina), tinned beef and pork - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Internet access companies or Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide physical connections that allow you to access the Internet. These connections are called “POPs”, which stands for “points of presence”.
Your computer uses a modem to dial into a POP, which connects you to the Internet. Once connected to a POP, you have access to all the resources of the Internet. Most ISPs will also supply you with software available for work in the Internet: a Web browser - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Safe operation of freight and passenger trains requires a system of signaling. To inform the locomotive and train crew of the position of other trains in relation to their own, signals installed at frequent intervals give indications which are visible both by day and by night. Wayside signals installed along railroad tracks are called fixed signals - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
A private healthcare sector has emerged in Russia. There are private practices in the country. The state fund covers a basic healthcare package; however citizens who can afford private insurance can ensure that they receive the best medical care available. Private medical services include treatment by specialists, hospitalisation, prescriptions, pregnancy and childbirth and rehabilitation. The premises, equipment and personnel are funded by private insurance contributions - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
We build because we need shelter. We need shelter from sun, rain, wind and snow. Not much that modern people do takes place outdoors. Our activities mostly take place indoors. For these activities we may need air that is warmer or cooler than the air outdoors. We may also need less light by day and more light by night than is provided by nature - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-switching network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Football is the most popular sport, followed by baseball and basketball. In general, football is played in the fall, basketball in the winter and early spring, and baseball from early spring through early fall. The big prize in professional football is to win the Super Bowl. For basketball teams, it is the NBA (National Basketball Association) Championship, and in baseball, the World Series - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it’s not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления.
Since the demise of the Soviet Union, grain harvest fell drastically. Severe drought in 1998–1999 led to a harvest of 48 million tons and 60.2 million tons respectively, adding more to the economic crisis that hit Russia in 1998, and thus forcing Russia to accept humanitarian aid. In 2006, Russia harvested 78.4 million tons of grain. In 2007, Russia harvested 81.5 million tons. 2007 crops production exceeded the level of 1990 by 10 %, while livestock output was lagging behind the 1990 level by about 30 % - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Many young urban girls today smoke. While smoking is bad for your health at any time, it is particularly so during pregnancy and result in an underweight, small-size baby, and so smoking is best avoided during pregnancy. It is amazing how people persist in smoking despite so much warning regarding its hazards.
It is unwise to hold a lighted cigarette while holding the baby. Smoke may also irritate baby and make him cough and sneeze - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
What is a typical American family? The traditional one includes mom, dad, and the kids, but there now are many other combinations of family households. Eight percent are single-parent families, where only one parent lives with the children, while other families may consist of children living with a parent and a stepparent.
In general, the average number of people living together under one roof has gotten smaller. The number of children in a family is also much smaller, and the children are usually encouraged to be independent and leave home, when they finish school and start working - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them there until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts for about 28 days - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
The other method for creditor protection is the garnishment of wages. Once a creditor’s claim is shown to be legally valid and fair in a court hearing, the creditor may receive a portion of the debtor’s wages directly from the debtor’s employer - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it’s available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because wood always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after the wood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and its hardness starts to increase. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is its strength and hardness - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
The bailiff is an officer of the court whose duties are to keep order in the courtroom, to call witnesses, and to take charge of the jury as instructed by the court at such times as the jury may not be in the courtroom, and particularly when, having received the case, the jury is deliberating upon its decision. It is the duty of the bailiff to see that no one talks with or attempts to influence the jurors in any manner - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Safe operation of freight and passenger trains requires a system of signaling. To inform the locomotive and train crew of the position of other trains in relation to their own, signals installed at frequent intervals give indications which are visible both by day and by night. Wayside signals installed along railroad tracks are called fixed signals - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
Applicants for employment are invariably interviewed (usually in the Personal Department) before any job offer is made. The aim of the interview is not only to assess the suitability of the candidate for the vacant position, but also to give the applicant the opportunity to seek further information about the job. During the interview the applicants may be required to complete an aptitude test designed to assess their suitability for the job available.
The interview is crucial for the applicant because it is at this time that the interviewer assesses the candidate’s appearance, ability to communicate and general manner. Consequently, it is important to be thoroughly prepared for the interview - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Most countries have a wide range of ISPs (Internet Service Providers) on offer, so it is best to shop around before you choose one. You should look for an ISP with a local telephone number or you will be paying long-distance telephone call rates. In addition, you will need a supportive company to start with, one that gives you all the software, help setting it up, at least one e-mail account and perhaps even free space to have your own site on the World Wide Web. And that's really all you need to become a part of the online community - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
A debtor is a person or a business that owes money, goods, or services to another. Whatever is owed is generally called the debt. The creditor is the one to whom the debt is owed. A legally enforceable debt normally arises out of a contract where something of value has been exchanged for a promise to provide money, goods, or services - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления.
The main symptoms of tetanus are stiffness of jaw, spasms and convulsions, difficulty in swallowing. The cause of the disease is a bacillus. The incubation period is from 5 days to 2 weeks. The disease is not communicable from person to person. The patients of all the ages are susceptible to the disease. The patient with tetanus should be hospitalized and the wound should be cleaned immediately. A doctor must use tetanus toxoid separate or in DPT to treat the patient - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
A consumer loan arises when a person borrows money primarily for personal, family, household, or agricultural purposes. It is often called a personal loan to distinguish it from a business or commercial loan.
The creditor must make a full report of interest and finance charges. The finance charge is the total added cost when one pays in installments for goods or services. The creditor must also declare the true equivalent annual interest rate - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Concrete is produced by combining coarse and fine aggregates, Portland cement, and water. Coarse aggregate is generally gravel or crushed stone, and fine aggregate is sand. Cement, sand, gravel, and water are taken in proportional amounts and mixed. The quality of concrete depends mostly on the quality of the cement used. The process of production consists in pouring the mixed components into forms and holding them until they harden. The process of hardening generally lasts about 28 days