Тема Распознавание значений слов по контексту
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The most important of the laws protecting creditors allow the creditor to acquire a legal interest in (that is, a right in or claim to) some specific property of the debtor. This interest is enforceable if the debtor defaults (fails to pay according to the terms of the agreement) and is called a security interest. The debt is referred to as a secured debt. A creditor, who holds a security interest, is a secured creditor - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
In most countries of the world, there is one medicine that nearly everyone takes. It is called aspirin. People take aspirin when they have an ache or a pain, and sometimes when they have a fever.
Doctors believe it can also help people who have heart diseases and some other diseases, too. Some people, however, cannot take aspirin because it hurts their stomachs. Aspirin must never be given to children under 12 years old - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
First of all, the value of true architecture lies in the direct effect of the structure itself. It depends on many reasons. One of them is a drawing. Drawings are works of architecture. An architect uses drawings to achieve his objective. In fact, drawings can represent buildings only on paper. It is called “paper architecture”. We mean the result of architect’s thinking of drawings. But, there is a danger of “paper architecture”. The architect mustn’t forget that many elements which look well on a drawing may be either completely ineffective or definitely harmful in the actual building - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
We are students of veterinary department. We study domestic animals. Domestic animals give us meat and milk. Collective farms have many animals. We must help collective farmers in their work.
The horse is a domestic animal. Our collective farm has horses. Horses work much, they do hard work. We must feed horses well. They must have grain and hay or grass. If a horse is ill, we must help it - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Sunday is a very quiet day in London. All the shops are closed, and so are the theatres and most of the cinemas.
Londoners like to get out of town on Sundays. The sea is not far - only fifty or sixty miles away and people like to go down to the sea in summer or somewhere to the country for skiing in winter - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого с грамматического явления
There are a lot of institutions of higher education in our country. The Linguistic University, previously known as Maurice Thorez Institute of Foreign Languages, Pedagogic University, People’s Friendship University of Russia are well - known not only in Russia but also abroad - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
Agricultural machines are used to till soil and to plant, cultivate, and harvest crops. Since ancient times, when cultures first began cultivating plants, people have used tools to help them grow and harvest crops. They used pointed tools to dig and keep soil loosened, and sharp, knife-like objects to harvest ripened crops. Modifications of these early implements led to the development of small hand tools that are still used in gardening, such as the spade, hoe, rake and trowel, and larger implements, such as ploughs and larger rakes that are drawn by humans, animals, or simple machines - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления
Use large cloth shores. Please cover with a silk bag. If wet, please hang it in the wind, but don’t sunshine or close to the fire. Don’t spray perfume and hair condition direct to the garment. Please hang the fine wool garment in the sun in summer and prevent to get mild – wet - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
We know that the semaphore used to be the most common type of the signal. The relative position of the semaphore arm constituted the signal.
To indicate “stop” a horizontal arm was used. “Proceed” was indicated by a vertical arm. To give restrictive indications the arm was inclined up or down - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
The letter of application can be as important as the CV because it is the first direct contact between a candidate for a position and an employer. This letter must be well written and presented to make a good impression. The letter of application normally contains four parts in which you should:
– confirm that you wish to get the job and say where you learned about the vacancy;
– say why you are interested in this position and your interests are the same as those of the company;
– show that you can contribute to the job by highlighting your skills and experience;
– indicate your willingness to attend an interview (and possibly say when you would be free to attend) - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
The letter of application is also called the covering letter. It provides the first direct contact between a candidate and an employer. If it is not written properly, it can produce a bad impression. First of all, you should point out:
– Your home address – note use of post code and home town in capitals.
– Name and address of the person you are writing to.
Usually the letter of application contains 3 or more paragraphs in which you should:
– Say which job you are applying for.
– Qualifications or examinations taken.
– Relevant past experience and why you think you are suitable.
– Indicate your willingness to attend an interview - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
When you first open your browser it will often connect to the Internet automatically, taking you right onto the Web. The web page that opens each time you connect is the browser's home page, the index page of your program's web site, so that you can get instant help and bulletins about updates to the software you are using.
You will notice that the browser creates a kind of frame around the web page you are viewing. The top part of the frame, which has drop-down menus and a toolbar, looks a bit like a word-processing program - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Because of its many advantages timber is highly used for producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roofing and for other various woodwork. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods. Of them, hardwoods are popular as materials used for decorative purposes: veneering in furniture and paneling. As to softwoods, they are mainly used for producing window and door frames and other kinds of woodwork - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Bribery is offering or giving to a government official money or anything of value which the official was not authorized to receive in order to influence performance of an official duty. Accepting the money or offer is also bribery - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
At first, the Internet was used solely by the US government, but soon universities and other institutions connected themselves to the Internet to communicate with one another and collaborate on projects. The Internet grew to connect hundreds of different sites all across the world. Each organization on the Internet was responsible for maintaining its part of the network, so the Internet was not owned or controlled by any one organization.
Today, the Internet connects up to 40 million people around the globe and is growing by as much as 10 % per month - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Narcotics, when abused, can cause serious mental and physical harm. There exist laws, which make certain narcotic-related activities criminal offenses. The activities include selling or offering to sell, possessing, transporting, administering or giving narcotics without a license, except by medical prescription - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Today railway transport is quiet different than in old times. There are many thousands of locomotives, hundreds of thousands of cars and oil-cisterns. The trains today go much faster. The whole wagon fleet was fitted with continuous brakes, and hundreds of thousands of wagons were equipped with automatic couplings. Many old lines were improved and electrified and the use of diesel traction was begun. Heavy rails were laid extensively and a substantial mileage was equipped with automatic block signaling - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления
Dear customers, sincerely welcome to buy LORD leather gloves. Don’t touch sharp or hard other things while wearing gloves. As usual, don’t contact greasy dirt, acid or alkaline things. Prevent from cutting broken or rubbing to decolour or the quality of leather will reduce and even cause other reactions. Prevent your gloves from being damp and shone strongly in the sun - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
There are several traditional ways of looking for a job.
A civilized and active means of looking for a job is studying the market of the offered vacancies to get an idea of necessary demands and size up your own chances.
The best way of doing this is to use the help of employment agencies or to independently study the ads of job opportunities being published - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
The first teeth erupt between 6 to 9 months. There are lower central incisors. The gums look a bit swollen for a few days, and then tiny white spot appears, which is the tooth. Over the next 3-4 months the teeth erupt with great rapidly the central pair, the upper central pair and then two more on each side in the lower and upper jaws – making a total of 8 incisors.
The entire set of 20 teeth erupt by the age of 2,5 years. These are primary teeth - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Nails are generally made of plain steel. It is of interest to note that steel used for nails is uncoated steel. Practically, nails are sharpened metal pins driven into wood with a hammer or a mechanical nail gun. There exist different types of nails. Among them common nails and finish nails are the two types most frequently used for fastening. Common nails have flat heads and are used for most structural connections in light framing constructions. The main property of finish nails is that they are headless. Finish nails are used to fasten finish wood work - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is said to be a solution. It is possible to have solution of solids in liquids, liquids in liquids, gases in liquids, solids in solids, etc.
Depending on the size of the dispersed particles we recognize true solutions, colloidal solutions and suspensions - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Nurses work with the mentally ill in making assessments and diagnoses, planning care, and helping patients regain or improve the skills they need to cope. Important in their work is the therapeutic relationship. This is the relationship between the patient and therapist, which is based on non-judgemental empathy, and which provides the security to be able to speak with honesty. Therapeutic relationships develop under the most difficult conditions, not just because the patient is often being given treatment against his will - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
So how did this modern wonder come into existence? In a nutshell, the first version of the Internet was started during the 1960s in the United States as ARPAnet, a defence department network. One computer was linked to another to share information. Gradually, more computers were added to the network, and people began to send simple messages over the network to distant colleagues. This, at that time, incredible communications platform was adopted by the academic community and, with vast improvements added by European computer wizards, became the friendly tool we refer to as the Internet today - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Vitamins are special substances that the body needs, along with proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals. Vitamin A is needed for healthy eyes and is found in fish-liver oil, egg yolk, butter, green vegetables and fruit - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Psychologists say that we also have other traits, called ‘secondary traits’, connected with the things we prefer, such as our favourite food, music, films or colours. These can change as we get older, but very often many of them stay the same all our lives. For example, when we are adults we may buy the same colour clothes that we liked when we were children - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Russian cuisine has borrowed many products and preparation methods from other national cuisines. Trade with Byzantium brought Russia spices, seasonings, rice and buckwheat. Bulgaria shared its peppers, eggplants and marrows. Western neighbours influenced Russian cuisine too and now we have beef steaks and schnitzels from German-Dutch cuisine and many sauces, dishes of poultry, game, fish and vegetables from France - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Pregnancy is a period of excitement, expectancy and a bit of fear and nervousness for the future mother. It should be an exciting experience, and for that, love and consideration of the family as well as knowledge of what to expect, is important.
The first 3 months of pregnancy are important because during this period the baby’s organs, like brain, kidneys, limbs, eyes and ears are being formed. Avoid any medicine during this period. Some medicines can be harmful to the growing baby and so no medicines, particularly pills for sickness, headaches and anxiety should be taken without the advice of the doctor.
The normal time the baby is in the mother’s womb is about 40 weeks – 9 months and 1 week, but a few days earlier or later is within the range of normality. A baby who is born earlier than his time is called premature - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Usually, the debtor keeps possession of the liened property as long as the debt is not in default. Mortgages on homes are very common examples of this type of secured debt. However, if there is a default, the creditor is allowed to peacefully repossess the secured property if it is movable, such as a car or TV - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
There is a Chemical Revolution. This is not as exciting so we do not hear very much about it. However, it is already changing our lives. Much of the food that we eat comes from man-made chemicals. These chemicals include hormones that make animals grow fat and antibiotics that prevent them from having diseases. There are also many different chemicals being used to stop diseases in people - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
The tablet is the most common form for the administration of a drug in a dry state.
A tablet shows definite properties of mechanical strength and is characterized by a definite rate of disintegration with water - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Basically, the Internet is a network of people and information, linked together by telephone lines which are connected to computers. In fact, more than 100,000 independent networks - public and private - are currently connected to form this vast global communications system. This is the road of the information superhighway - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
If we know someone well, we get to know their central and secondary personality traits. This means that we can probably predict the kinds of things that a person might enjoy, what they could do or how they might react in different situations. In general, most people’s behavior and attitudes are predictable unless they are in very unusual and stressful situations - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW) when he discovered a way to jump to different files on his computer using random, or unplanned, links between them. He then wrote a simple coding system, called HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language), to create links to files on any computer connected to the network. This was possible because each file had an individual address, or URL (Uniform Resource Locator). He then used a set of transfer rules, called HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol), to link Web files together across the Internet. Berners-Lee also invented the world’s first browser. This lets you locate and view Web pages and also navigate from one link to another - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Californians love the sun, and their houses show it. The old ranch houses of California copied the mission style. In the centre of the house was an open place, or "patio", with buildings on two or three sides. Californians liked the patio. They liked to live half inside and half outside. New houses today often have patios. People work, cook, sunbathe and talk to their friends on the patio. New modern houses all over the United States have copied the idea of the Californian patio. Some Californian ideas are not so easy to copy. Go up in an airplane, and look down at Los Angeles or San Diego. What are all those blue things next to the houses? That’s right. They’re swimming pools. Not many people outside California can pay for their own swimming pool in their own backyard - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
English people don't like displaying their emotions even in dangerous and tragic situations, and ordinary people seem to remain good-tempered and cheerful under difficulties.
The Englishman does not like any boasting or showing off in manners, dress or speech. Sometimes he conceals his knowledge: a linguist, for example, may not mention his understanding of a foreigner’s language - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
During the 19th century various institutions of higher education were founded in the industrial towns and cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds. Their buildings were of local brick, so they got the name “redbrick” universities. They contrasted chiefly with Oxford and Cambridge. At first they prepared students for London University degrees, but later they were given the right to award their own degrees - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
- What’s your favourite trainer of all time?
- Nike Cortez because it’s a simple design, really comfortable and looks great. There is a Cortez for every occasion - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Omar Khayyam. When Malik Shah, the king of Persia, decided to make a new calendar for his people in the year 1079, he asked the famous mathematician and astronomer Omar Khayyam to help. Through careful mathematical calculations, Khayyam measured the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days. This was a very accurate measure. (We now know that a year is 365.242196 days.) - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
On the one hand, a good teacher does not only give knowledge but also serves a model of behaviour for his or her pupils, especially the young ones. He or she forms the pupils’ attitude to the subject. The manner in which he or she teaches matters a lot. On the other hand, a teacher mustn’t forget that he or she must study from the pupils. Studying is a constant process for a teacher. If one stops studying, learning something new every day, both in the sphere of his or her professional interest and in people’s relations, this means that it is time to stop teaching. Otherwise, it will do no good for the teacher and the pupils - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
There are 2 ways of addressing people: friendly and formal. You may address a person in a friendly way and call him by a first name only if you know the person very well. But if you are not familiar with the person or don't know him well enough use the formal way of addressing people.
Addressing a woman remember that "Miss" goes only with the name of a girl оr unmarried woman. "Mrs." is a form of address to married women only. "Ms" [miz] is used as a title of woman without distinction between married or unmarried. "Mr." is a form of address before a man's name. The polite form of addressing people is used to show respect to a person. In this case "sir" and "madam" are used - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Coloured lights give the indications at night. The semaphore mechanism is equipped with lenses illuminated by a lamp, so that a red light shows when the semaphore is in the “stop” position, a green light – when the semaphore is in the “proceed” position, and a yellow light – when the semaphore is in the restrictive position. The colour-light signal sometimes used is known to have semaphore arm and give both day and night indications be means of red, green and yellow lights. We know some signals to be operated by hand, others to be automatic - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
The main symptoms of typhoid are fever, headache, malaise. The cause of typhoid is a bacillus. The incubation period is 7 - 21 days. The most susceptible patients are children and young adults. To treat the disease you should follow proper disposal of stools and urine and to dive chloramphenicol or substitute for 3-4 weeks. We can prevent typhoid with typhoid vaccine - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
If you eat more than you need, the extra calories turn into fat; if you eat less than you need, the body burns fat to get energy and you lose weight. One way of losing weight is by dieting – eating less. Another way is to go on eating the same amount, but to increase your body’s need for energy by taking more exercise. But be careful. It is important to slim – or to start an exercise programme – gradually. Don’t try to lose a lot of weight fast. It doesn’t usually work, and it can be dangerous - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Italian astronomer, physicist and mathematician Galileo Galilei changed the way we think. By inventing a mathematical approach to everyday experience, he discovered the laws of inertia, falling body and pendulum. With a telescope he built, he also made astronomic discoveries that convinced him of heliocentric view of the universe, which Copernicus had formulated earlier but had been afraid to publish. Galileo took the chance but he was forced to recant his findings before a Catholic Church tribunal in 1633 - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Your working experience is the next section. List your experience starting with your most recent place of employment and work backwards.
Spell out the exact dates of employment, your position, and the name of the company you work for - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
The first railway in Russia using steam traction was an industrial line at Nizhni Tagil in the Urals, built in 1834, for which the first two steam locomotives in the country were constructed by father and son named Cherepanov. The first public railway was the Peterburg – Pavlovsk railway. At first it was opened from Pavlovsk to Tsarskoye Selo with horse traction in October, 1836. Locomotives were introduced in 1837 - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления
When Moscow University was founded there were three faculties – philosophy, law and medicine there. Today there are 24 faculties there. Professors were invited from all European countries. The instructions were given in Russian and in Latin. Young people from all estates could be enrolled as students. Moscow University was the centre of advanced Russian science and social thought - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
About 350 years ago, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) changed scientists’ attitudes towards Science. He developed the scientific method used to obtain theories that explain how nature works. This method, which is still in use today, includes the following steps:
– Identification of the problem.
– Formulation of a hypothesis based on collected and analysed data.
– Testing of the hypothesis to check its validity.
– Development of a theory - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления.
Cars and airplanes can be very fast. Ships in the ocean are slower. Why is that? Mostly, it is because of the resistance of the water. Water is much more difficult to go through than air.
One idea was to design the hull (sides of a ship) to rise higher out of the water as the ship went faster. This was tried, but the ship could not go fast enough to make a smooth ride. It was finally decided that the whole ship must rise out of the water