Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами анализа информации
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Human rights
1. Most of the law in the world is made by governments for their own people. But human rights are independent of any political divisions. They are basic minimum standards of freedom and security for all people. When governments do not meet these standards, they are criticized by their own citizens and even by foreign governments. Sometimes some countries impose economic sanction against those countries where human rights are violated. For example, many countries have limited trade to South Africa because of policy of apartheid.
2. As a rule, human rights are violated when governments violate their own constitutions, and very often their policies make citizens to escape to another countries. But legally, most countries of the world have signed international agreements concerning the treatment of individuals. The most important agreement is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by UN General Assembly in 1948. Article 1 of UDHR declares that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, and Article 2 states that it does not depend upon race, color, sex, language, religion or any other difference among people.
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What are human rights - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
History of robotics
1. The concept of robots dates back to ancient times, when some myths told of mechanical beings brought to life. Such automata also appeared in the clockwork figures of medieval churches, and in the 18th century some clockmakers gained fame for the clever mechanical figures that they constructed. Today the term automaton is usually applied to these handcrafted, mechanical (rather than electromechanical) devices that imitate the motions of living creatures. Some of the «robots» used in advertising and entertainment are actually automata, even with the addition of remote radio control.
2. The term robot itself is derived from the Czech word «robota», meaning «compulsory labour». It was first used by the Czech novelist and playwright Karel Chapek to describe a mechanical device that looks like a human but lacking human sensibility, being able of performing only automatic, mechanical operations. Robots as they are known today do not only imitate human or other living forms. True robots did not become possible, however, until the invention of the computer in the 1940s and the miniaturization of computer parts. One of the first true robots was an experimental model designed by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute in the late 1960s. It was capable of arranging blocks into stacks through the use of a television camera as a visual sensor, processing this information in a small computer.
3. Computers today are equipped with microprocessors that can handle the data being fed to them by various sensors of the surrounding environment. Making use of the principle of feedback, robots can change their operations to some degree in response to changes in that environment. The commercial use of robots is spreading, with the increasing automation of factories, and they have become essential to many laboratory procedures. Japan is the most advanced nation exploring robot technology. Nowadays robots continue to expand their applications.
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What sphere of human activity was the term «robot» used for the first time - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Before recycling glass is sorted according to its colour - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
1. Aeroponics is a system wherein roots are continuously or discontinuously kept in an environment saturated with aerosol of nutrient solution. The method requires no substrate and entails growing plants with their roots suspended in a deep air or growth chamber with the roots periodically wetted with a fine mist of atomized nutrients. Excellent aeration is the main advantage of aeroponics.
2. Aeroponic techniques have proved to be commercially successful for propagation, seed germination, seed potato production, tomato and leaf crops production. Since inventor Richard Stoner commercialized aeroponic technology in 1983, aeroponics has been implemented as an alternative to water intensive hydroponic systems worldwide. The limitation of hydroponics is the fact that 1 kg of water can only hold 8 mg of air, no matter whether aerators are utilized or not.
3. Another distinct advantage of aeroponics over hydroponics is that any species of plants can be grown in a true aeroponic system because the micro environment of an aeroponic can be finely controlled. The limitation of hydroponics is that only certain species of plants can survive for so long in water before they become water-logged. The advantage of aeroponics is that suspended aeroponic plants receive 100% of the available oxygen and carbon dioxide to the roots zone, stems, and leaves, thus accelerating biomass growth and reducing rooting times. Unlike hydroponically grown plants, aeroponically grown plants also will not suffer transplant shock when transplanted to soil, and offers growers the ability to reduce the spread of disease and pathogens.
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What is the main preference of aeroponics - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Aircraft generate a great deal of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The objective of the biochemistry is to investigate chemical changes in living organisms - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
To keep milk powder from caking or sticking anticaking agent is used - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The main features of the Brigade Combat Team will be its mobility and increased firepower - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Fast food has a insufficient nutritional value - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Landscape Architecture
1. For the period before 1800, the history of landscape gardening (later called landscape architecture) is largely that of master planning and garden design for manor houses, palaces and royal properties, religious complexes, and centers of government. The first person to write of “making” a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712. The term “landscape architecture” was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828 and was first used as a professional title by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1863. During the later 19th century, the term “landscape architect” became used by professional people who designed landscapes.
2. Through the 19th century, urban planning became a more important need. The combination of the tradition of landscape gardening and emerging city planning gave landscape architecture its unique focus to serve these needs. In the second half of the century, Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks which continue to have a huge influence on the practices of landscape architecture today. Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York and Boston's Emerald Necklace park system.
3. Landscape architecture continues to develop as a design discipline, and to respond to the various movements in architecture and design throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Such prominent landscape architects as Roberto Burle Marx, Ian McHarg continue today solving challenging problems with contemporary design solutions for master planning, landscapes and gardens.
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What contribution did Frederick Law Olmsted make to the landscape architecture - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
BIOSPHERE
1. The biosphere is the part of the earth, including air, land, surface rocks, and water, within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest biophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. This biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning through a process of biogenesis or biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.
2. The term "biosphere" was coined by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875, which he defined as: The place on earth's surface where life dwells.The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s when Vladimir Vernadsky defined ecology as the science of the biosphere. In 1935 Arthur Tansley introduced the term "ecosystem". It is an interdisciplinary concept for integrating astronomy, geophysics, meteorology, biogeography, evolution, geology, geochemistry, hydrology and, generally speaking, all life and earth sciences.
3. Some life scientists and earth scientists use biosphere in a more limited sense. For example, geochemists define the biosphere as being the total sum of living organisms (the "biomass" or "biota" as referred to by biologists and ecologists). In this sense, the biosphere is but one of four separate components of the geochemical model, the other three being lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The narrow meaning used by geochemists is one of the consequences of specialization in modern science. Some might prefer the word ecosphere, coined in the 1960s, as all encompassing of both biological and physical components of the planet.
4. The Second International Conference on Closed Life Systems defined biospherics as the science and technology of analogs and models of Earth's biosphere; i.e., artificial Earth-like biospheres. Others may include the creation of artificial non-Earth biospheres in the field of biospherics.
From Wikipedia
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Some scientists use narrow meanings of ‘biosphere’ - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
MEMS can be used to develop products that are useful in many spheres of people’s lives - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Marine engineering skills are required when building a ship - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
America is the world’s largest economy - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Adolf Butenandt is known to be a prominent scientist and a director of scientific institution - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
A cordless telephone
1. Cordless phones first appeared around 1980. George Sweigert, an amateur radio operator and inventor from Cleveland, Ohio, is largely recognized as the father of the cordless phone. A cordless telephone is a telephone with a wireless handset that communicates via radio waves with a base station connected to a fixed telephone line, usually within a limited range of its base station (which has the handset cradle). The base station is on the subscriber premises, and attaches to the telephone network the same way a corded telephone does.
2. The base station on subscriber premises is what differentiates a cordless telephone from a mobile telephone. Current cordless telephone standards, such as PHS and DECT, have blurred the once clear-cut line between cordless and mobile telephones by implementing cell handover, various advanced features, such as data-transfer and even, on a limited scale, international roaming. In these models, base stations are maintained by a commercial mobile network operator and users subscribe to the service.
3. Cordless phones can operate without a power cord or cable attached to a fixed electricity supply such as an outlet, generator, or other centralized power source, allowing greater mobility. But unlike a corded telephone, a cordless one needs mains electricity to power the base station. The cordless handset is powered by a rechargeable battery, which is charged when the handset sits in its cradle.
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What energy does a cordless telephone need for functioning - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Depending on the purpose, level sensing devices can be mounted a few different ways - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The trigonometric theory was developed in the 16th century - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
While learning to read children connect spoken words with written symbols - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Some characteristic features of the shoes made by the natives in North America - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Wireless technology
1. Wireless telecommunications, is the transfer information between two or more points that are physically not connected. Distances can be short, as a few meters as in television remote control; or long ranging from thousands to millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking.
2. Wireless operations permit services, such as long range communications that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems which use some form of energy to transfer information without the use of wires.
3. The world's first wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented and patented the photophone, a telephone that conducted audio conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams. In that distant era when utilities did not yet exist to provide electricity, and lasers had not even been conceived of in science fiction, there were no practical applications for their invention, which was highly limited by the availability of both sunlight and good weather.
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What are the advantages of wireless communication - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Cancer
1. Low- and middle-income countries accounted for 53% and 56%, respectively, of the 10 million cases and 7 million deaths due to cancer in 2000. By 2020, the total number of new cancer cases will rise by 29% in developed countries and by 73% in developing countries. Also by 2020, overall mortality from cancer will increase by 104%, and the increase will be fivefold higher in developing than in developed countries. "Western" lifestyle changes will be responsible for the increased incidence of cancers of the breast, colon, and prostate, but historic realities, sociocultural and behavioral factors, genetics, and poverty itself will also have a profound impact on cancer-related mortality and morbidity.
2. While infectious causes are responsible for <10% of cancers in developed countries, they account for 25% of all malignancies in low- and middle-income countries. Infectious causes of cancer such as human papillomavirus (cervical cancer), hepatitis B virus (liver cancer), and Helicobacter pylori (stomach cancer) will continue to have a much larger impact in developing countries.
3. Environmental and dietary factors, such as indoor air pollution and high-salt diets, also help account for increased rates of certain cancers (e.g., lung and stomach cancers). Tobacco use (both smoking and chewing) is the most important source of increased mortality from lung and oral cancers. In contrast to decreasing tobacco use in many developed countries, the number of smokers is growing in developing countries, especially among women and young people.
4. For many reasons, outcomes of malignancies are far worse in developing countries than in developed nations. Health systems in poor countries simply are not capable of early detection; 80% of patients already have incurable malignancies at diagnosis. Treatment of cancers is available for only a very small number of mostly wealthy citizens in the majority of poor countries, and, even when treatment is available, the range and quality of services are often substandard.
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Who suffers from lung and oral cancers more nowadays - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
KBP started its research work in the 20th century - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Radar applications
1. The information provided by radar includes the bearing and range (and therefore position) of the object from the radar scanner. It is thus used in many different fields where the need for such positioning is crucial. The first use of radar was for military purposes: to locate air, ground and sea targets. This evolved in the civilian field into applications for aircraft, ships, and roads.
2. In aviation, aircraft are equipped with radar devices that warn of obstacles in or approaching their path and give accurate altitude readings. The first commercial device fitted to aircraft was a 1938 Bell Lab unit on some United Air Lines aircraft. Such aircraft can land in fog at airports equipped with radar-assisted ground-controlled approach systems in which the plane's flight is observed on radar screens while operators radio landing directions to the pilot.
3. Marine radars are used to measure the bearing and distance of ships to prevent collision with other ships, to navigate, and to fix their position at sea when within range of shore or other fixed references such as islands, buoys, and lightships. In port or in harbour, vessel traffic service radar systems are used to monitor and regulate ship movements in busy waters. Police forces use radar guns to monitor vehicle speeds on the roads.
4. Meteorologists use radar to monitor precipitation. It has become the primary tool for short-term weather forecasting and watching for severe weather such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, winter storms, precipitation types, etc. Geologists use specialized ground-penetrating radars to map the composition of Earth's crust.
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Why is radar application vital in different spheres of human activity - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A long procedure of transforming one measurement into another is presented - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
To be successful travel should be properly planned - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
This method is used for creating standard sizes - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Some fruits are disliked by people - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The best Models for Old West competition are made by America's favourite rifle-maker - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Solar energy
1. Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of different technologies. Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy on the Earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.
2. Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics. Solar energy's uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.
3. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
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What is the difference of solar technologies - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Family tourism in France is highly developed - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There are different conditions that serve the base for classification of fresh waters - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Consumers today rely on processed food rather than spend many hours cooking and canning - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Typhoon.s total physical parameters of velocity and diving depth - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Respiratory symptoms
1. Cough may indicate the presence of lung disease, but cough per se is not useful for the differential diagnosis. The presence of sputum accompanying the cough often suggests airway disease and may be seen in asthma, chronic bronchitis, or bronchiectasis.
2. Hemoptysis can originate from disease of the airways, the pulmonary parenchyma, or the vasculature. Diseases of the airways can be inflammatory (acute or chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, or cystic fibrosis) or neoplastic (bronchogenic carcinoma or bronchial carcinoid tumors). Parenchymal diseases causing hemoptysis may be either localized (pneumonia, lung abscess, tuberculosis, or infection with Aspergillus) or diffuse (Goodpasture's syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis). Vascular diseases potentially associated with hemoptysis include pulmonary thromboembolic disease and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.
3. Chest pain caused by diseases of the respiratory system usually originates from involvement of the parietal pleura. As a result, the pain is accentuated by respiratory motion and is often referred to as pleuritic. Common examples include primary pleural disorders, such as neoplasm or inflammatory disorders involving the pleura, or pulmonary parenchymal disorders that extend to the pleural surface, such as pneumonia or pulmonary infarction.
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What parenchymal disease affects lungs and kidney at the same time - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Commercial aquaculture is quickly developing nowadays - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
The Era of Genomics
1. In the spring of 2003, the complete sequencing of the human genome was announced, officially ushering in the genomic era. Today, gene expression profiles are being used to guide therapy and inform prognosis for a number of diseases; the use of genotyping is providing a new means to assess the risk of certain diseases as well as variation in response to a number of drugs; we are understanding better the role of certain genes in the causality of certain common conditions such as obesity and allergies. Despite these advances, we are still in the infancy of understanding and utilizing the complexities of genomics in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease.
2. Our task is still complicated nowadays by the fact that phenotypes are generally determined not by genes alone but by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Indeed, we have just begun to scratch the surface of possibilities that the era of genomics will provide to the practice of medicine.
3. The rapidity of these advances may seem overwhelming to the practicing physician. However, he or she has an important role to play in ensuring that these powerful technologies and sources of new information are applied with sensitivity and intelligence to the patient. Since genomics is such a rapidly evolving field, physicians and other health care professionals must continue to educate themselves so that they can apply this new knowledge to the benefit of their patients' health and well-being.
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What complicates the application of genomics nowadays - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The membrane has pores, making it impenetrable to water - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Algae produce nearly four-fifths of the global oxygen - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The rise of steel armour.s cost is caused by the improvement of its protective characteristics - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
By being arranged into groupings of various size, solar cells may produce energy for distribution to industrial, commercial, and residential users - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Personal freedom and free enterprise system are inseparable - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Many of high-end men’s clothing makers do not concentrate on fashion weeks - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
University independence became the basis of educational architecture development - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The process of the creation of the first geological map is described - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Professional titles
1. Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are called lawyers, the word really describes a person who has the right to act in certain legal matters. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge.
2. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, when they are appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers.
3. Solicitors do much of the preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well as doing legal work which does not come before a court, such as drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court. Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue their client's case.
4. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicit spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many people believe that distinction between barristers and solicitors should be eliminated in England.
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What is the difference between the right of audience of barristers and solicitors - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The Port-A-Fold target stand offers preferable characteristic features - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
A forester
1. A forester is a person who practices forestry, the science, art, and profession of managing forests. Foresters engage in a broad range of activities including timber harvesting, ecological restoration and management of protected areas. Foresters manage forests to provide a variety of objectives including direct extraction of raw material, outdoor recreation, conservation, hunting and aesthetics.
2. A forester is also a title used widely during Medieval times. The forester usually held a position equal to a sheriff or local law enforcer. He was responsible for patrolling the woodlands on a lord or noble's property. His duties included negotiating deals for the sale of lumber and timber and stopping poachers from illegally hunting. Many times wanted criminals would hide in a forest. When this occurred it was the duty of the Forester to organize armed gangs to capture the criminal. Often foresters held titles of prominence in their local communities, and acted as barristers and arbitrators. Their pay was usually above average and they could make a decent living.
3. Many people confuse the role of the forester with that of the logger, but most foresters are concerned not only with the harvest of timber, but also with the sustainable management of forests to (in the words of Gifford Pinchot) "provide the greatest good for the greatest number in the long term". Another notable forester, Jack Westoby, remarked that «forestry is concerned not with trees, but with how trees can serve people».
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What are the tasks of forest management nowadays - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Air pollution causes different health problems and early deaths - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Evaporated milk is heated and sterilized