Тема Изучающее чтение с элементами анализа информации
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Flicker
1. The first requirement to be met in image analysis is that the reproduced picture shall not flicker, since flicker induces severe visual fatigue. Flicker becomes more evident as the brightness of the picture increases. If flicker is to be unobjectionable at brightness suitable for home viewing during daylight as well as evening hours, the successive illuminations of the picture screen should occur no fewer than 50 times per second. This is approximately twice the rate of picture repetition needed for smooth reproduction of motion. To avoid flicker, therefore, twice as much channel space is needed as would suffice to depict motion.
2. The same disparity occurs in motion picture practice, in which satisfactory performance with respect to flicker requires twice as much film as is necessary for smooth simulation of motion. A way around this difficulty has been found, in motion pictures as well as in television, by projecting each picture twice. In motion pictures, the projector interposes a shutter briefly between film and lens while a single frame of the film is being projected.
3. In television, each image is analyzed and synthesized in two sets of spaced lines, one of which fits successively within the spaces of the other. Thus the picture area is illuminated twice during each complete picture transmission, although each line in the image is present only once during that time. This technique is feasible because the eye is comparatively insensitive to flicker when the variation of light is confined to a small part of the field of view.
4. It is thus possible to avoid flicker and simulate rapid motion by a picture rate of about 25 per second, with two screen illuminations per picture. The precise value of the picture-repetition rate used in a given region has been chosen by reference to the electric power frequency that predominates in the region.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
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Why is it required to avoid flicker - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A rotor element is a compulsory part of any propulsor - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
During fermentation alcohol is produced as well - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
International Telecommunication Union
1. The International Telecommunication Union, originally founded as the International Telegraph Union, is a specialized agency of the United Nations which is responsible for information and communication technologies. The International Telecommunication Union coordinates the shared global use of the radio spectrum, promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits, works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world, and assists in the development and coordination of worldwide technical standards.
2. The International Telecommunication Union also organizes worldwide and regional exhibitions and forums, such as ITU TELECOM WORLD, bringing together representatives of government and the telecommunications and ICT industry to exchange ideas, knowledge and technology.
3. The International Telecommunication Union is active in areas including broadband Internet, latest-generation wireless technologies, aeronautical and maritime navigation, radio astronomy, satellite-based meteorology, convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice, TV broadcasting, and next-generation networks.
4. The International Telecommunication Union is based in Geneva, Switzerland, is a member of the United Nations Development Group and its membership includes 193 Member States and around 700 Sector Members and Associates.
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What organization does the International Telecommunication Union belong to - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Safety sensors and safety sensing devices are used in many spheres of human life - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
The work of construction planners - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Despite the vast devastation the nature on Mt. St. Helens.s slopes returned to life quicker than expected - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
It is important to investigate blood content to determine any metabolic disorders - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Building models scale ranges from several feet to one inch - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There are a lot of languages existing in the world - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The American economy of today can hardly be described as a ‘pure capitalist economy’ - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Landmark Inventions of the Millennium
1. The last 1,000 years have produced an incredible number and variety of scientific and technological breakthroughs – but which of these were the most important? Narrowing a list of the thousands of inventions made since the year 1000 to the ten greatest requires some exact criteria. The qualifying inventions either provided radically new ways to do an important job, or they made possible tasks that were previously unimagined. Their impact was felt, if not right away then eventually, by a large portion of humanity. These developments have made possible significant new technological innovations and scientific discoveries. And finally, they have had an enduring effect on the world.
2. The inventions that meet these criteria, in chronological order, are the compass, the mechanical clock, the glass lens, the printing press, the steam engine, the telegraph, electric power, wireless communications, antibiotics, and the transistor. Missing from this list are many extremely significant technological advances, including the airplane, telephone, automobile, and computer. In many cases these inventions were omitted because they are based on earlier developments or breakthroughs.
3. In considering the ten most significant inventions of the past 1,000 years, a subtle distinction must be made: the difference between «invention» and «discovery» is not as clear as one might think. A discovery can be as simple as the observation of a previously unnoticed phenomenon, while an invention is a human-devised machine, tool, or apparatus that did not previously exist.
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Which of the inventions: the airplane, the steam engine, automobile, computer – was included into the list of the most important inventions of the Millennium - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Flexography inks have low viscosity - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Metabolism
1. Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories. Catabolism breaks down organic matter, for example to harvest energy in cellular respiration. Anabolism uses energy to construct components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids.
2. The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. As enzymes act as catalysts they allow these reactions to proceed quickly and efficiently. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or signals from other cells.
3. The metabolism of an organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which it will find poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.
4. A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacteria Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and being retained because of their efficacy.
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What affects the amount of food organisms will need - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There is no strict distinction between hotels and motels nowadays - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The Purpose of Education
1. Some educational theorists believe that education should serve the needs of the individual. The second opinion on the purpose of education is that education should serve the needs of the society. In industrialized nations it is common for both of these goals to be held but for different classes of the population.
2. For the elite, the needs of the individual tend to prevail, and thus upper-class schooling often tolerates diversity and encourages idiosyncrasy. For the masses, the needs of society tend to dominate, and schooling usually serves to prepare children to become obedient, well-drilled, uncomplaining workers in industry and agriculture.
3. In France and Germany, the primary purpose of education is intellectual development. In England, the primary purpose of education is character building. In Roman Catholic and Communist countries, moral or religious training is usually the primary purpose of education. Hence, every subject is imbued with religious or ideological content, and there is a constant attempt to draw moral lessons from educational material. In the United States, where large-scale immigration once brought the fear of social disintegration, preparation for citizenship and development of national consciousness have tended to be emphasized. Even today, some rituals, such as displaying American flags here there and everywhere and pledging allegiance to the flag of the United States of America at the beginning of the school day, distinguish American schools from those in most other countries.
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Why are the Americans fond of displaying American flags here there and everywhere - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Henry Ford
1. Modern production methods took a giant leap forward in 1913 when Henry Ford introduced the use of the assembly line in the production of automobiles. In those days, workers simply picked a spot on the factory floor, and assembled the car from the bottom up. As business grew, Ford began manufacturing many of the component parts formerly purchased from suppliers. Typically, the components were put together by one worker who performed all the operations necessary to assemble them. The method was quite costly, and so only the wealthy could afford to buy automobiles in those days.
2. This did not please Henry Ford who wanted to bring the price of automobiles down to the point where most families could afford them. The key to achieving this goal, in Ford's view, was through the improvement of labour productivity. He needed to find a way to 1) limit the number of operations performed by each worker, 2) bring the work to the worker rather than the other way around, and 3) perform each operation in the most efficient sequence he could find. He found what he was seeking in his new creation: the assembly line.
3. Ford's first line, introduced in April 1913, was used to assemble generators. Working in the old way, one worker had been able to put together 25 to 30 generators in a 9-hour day. This translated to something around 20 minutes per assembly. The new line broke the operation into 29 steps performed by individual workers on parts that were brought to them by the steadily moving assembly line. The new process reduced assembly time to an average of 13 minutes per generator.
4. One year later, additional experimentation divided production into 84 operations and reduced assembly time to 5 minutes per generator. Assembly line methods brought the price of automobiles within the reach of millions of American families. Henry Ford was not an economist, but his assembly lines had changed dramatically both American households and its factories.
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How did the assembly line work - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
A Satellite Telephone
1. A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or satphone is a type of mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites instead of terrestrial cell sites. They provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones: voice, short messaging service and low-bandwidth Internet access are supported through most systems. Depending on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire Earth, or only specific regions. The mobile equipment, also known as a terminal, varies widely.
2. Early satellite phone handsets had a size and weight comparable to that of a late-1980s or early-1990s mobile phone, but usually with a large retractable antenna. More recent satellite phones are similar in size to a regular mobile phone while some prototype satellite phones have no distinguishable difference from an ordinary smartphone. Satphones are popular on expeditions into remote areas where terrestrial cellular service is unavailable.
3. Since satellite phones are purpose-built for one particular network and cannot be switched to other networks, the price of handsets varies with network performance. If a satellite phone provider encounters trouble with its network, handset prices will fall, then increase once new satellites are launched. Similarly, handset prices will increase when calling rates are reduced.
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What can be considered to be an imperfection of satellite telephony - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Hyperinflation
1. Inflation is a sustained increase in the aggregate price level. Economists generally reserve the term hyperinflation to describe episodes where the monthly inflation rate is greater than 50 per cent.
2. Hyperinflations are largely a twentieth-century phenomenon. The most widely studied hyperinflation occurred in Germany after World War I. The ratio of the German price index in November 1923 to the price index in August 1922 – just fifteen months earlier – was 1.02 × 1010. This huge number amounts to a monthly inflation rate of 322 per cent.
3. Hyperinflations are caused by extremely rapid growth in the supply of «paper» money. They occur when the monetary and fiscal authorities of a nation regularly issue large quantities of money to pay for a large stream of government expenditures. In effect, inflation is a form of taxation where the government gains at the expense of those who hold money whose value is declining. Hyperinflations are, therefore, very large taxation schemes.
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What is hyperinflation caused by - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
The jury
1. In England a person accused of crime must always be presumed innocent until he has been proven guilty. If a criminal case is serious it is always investigated with a jury. What is a jury and how does it function?
2. There are 12 members of the jury both men and women. There are quite a lot of people in England who think that 12 ordinary men and women are not capable of understanding properly all the evidence given at criminal trials. But there is no doubt about it because judges are great experts in summing up the evidence. The judge calls the jury's attention to all most important points in the evidence. He favoures neither prosecution nor defence. The members of the jury decide only the questions of fact. Questions of law are for the judge. The jury retire to a private room to consider the verdict. If the jury cannot agree, they must be discharged and a new jury is formed.
3. A verdict has to be unanimous. English law requires that the guilt of an accused man must be proved 'beyond reasonable doubt'. When the jury return to the courtroom, they have to give only one answer "Guilty" or "Not guilty".
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What happens if the jury cannot come to an agreement about the verdict - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Automation
1. Automation is the use of control systems in concern with other applications of information technology to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization.
2. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities.
3. Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-level tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches even where automation of industrial tasks is possible.
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How does automation benefit to people - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A good manager is the creator of his working environment - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
There are two different theories concerning the development of any kind - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
In offset printing paper passes through the special oven to prevent the ink smudging - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Fishing affects marine life in view of its safety and feeding - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Magna Carta
1. At the heart of the English system are two principles of government – limited government and representative government. The idea that government was not all-powerful first appeared in the Magna Carta, or Great Charter, that King John signed in 1215 under the threat of civil war.
2. Earlier kings of England had issued charters, making promises to their barons. But these were granted by, not exacted from the king and were very generally phrased. Later the tension between the Kings and the nobility increased. In 1199, 1201, and 1205 John's barons had to be promised their rights. It is, therefore, not surprising that Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, directed baronial unrest into a demand for a solemn grant of liberties by the king. The document known as the Articles of the Barons was at last agreed upon and became the text from which the final version of the charter was drafted and sealed by John on June 15, 1215.
3. The Magna Carta established the principle of limited government, in which the power of the monarch, or government, was limited, not absolute. This document provided for protection against unjust punishment and the loss of life, liberty, and property except according to law. It stipulated that no citizen could be punished or kept in prison without a fair trial. Under the Magna Carta, the king agreed that certain taxes could not be levied without popular consent. Although the Magna Carta was originally intended to protect aristocracy and not the ordinary citizens, it came in time to be regarded as a cornerstone of British liberties, and is one of the oldest written constitutional papers.
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What political situation necessitated the granting of the Magna Carta - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
We know thousands of minerals, but only few are found in the Earth.s crust - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Satellite radio
1. A satellite radio or subscription radio (SR) is a digital radio signal that is broadcast by a communications satellite, which covers a much wider geographical range than terrestrial radio signals. Satellite radio offers a meaningful alternative to ground-based radio services in some countries, notably the United States. Mobile services, such as Sirius, XM, and Worldspace allow listeners to roam across an entire continent, listening to the same audio programming anywhere they go.
2. Radio services are usually provided by commercial ventures and are subscription-based. The various services are proprietary signals, requiring specialized hardware for decoding and playback. Providers usually carry a variety of news, weather, sports, and music channels, with the music channels generally being commercial-free.
3. In areas with a relatively high population density, it is easier and less expensive to reach the bulk of the population with terrestrial broadcasts. Thus in the UK and some other countries, the contemporary evolution of radio services is focused on Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) services or HD Radio, rather than satellite radio.
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When are ground-based radio services worth using - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
It is easy to send some UAV aircrafts to any part of the planet almost immediately - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
New technologies are used to estimate changes in weather conditions - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
It is important to investigate blood content to determine any metabolic diseases - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Churning makes milk fats conjoin - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Chemical weapons can cause different disorders of the nervous system - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
British Architecture in the Period of Ancient History
1. An Alpine race came to the British Isles about 1700 B.C. A characteristic monument of this civilization, primordially rude and primordially majestic, is the so-called Stonehenge, a sanctuary erected on Salisbury Plain about 1100 B.C. or some-what earlier. During the invasion of Celts tribes fortresses were built on hilltops, towns began to appear in the wealthier south-east, though they were at first no more than large groups of wattle-and-clay houses enriched by a sort of fortificated fence. The invasion by the Romans brought the country into contact with the Roman civilization. Major systems of fortifications were constructed as a defense.
2. Then came the occupation of the country by Anglo-Saxon tribes. The Anglo-Saxon had no big cities, only scattered villages and townships, that is, arrangements of the lord’s house with the wattle-and-mud huts of the villagers grouped round it. The huts were primitive affairs, of wood and clay with no chimney over the open hearth but a hole in the roof to let the smoke out and to let the light in. The hearth was usually nothing more complicated than just a large flat stone in the middle of the earthen floor.
3. The lord’s house had a large yard where much of the housekeeping work was done with lots of auxiliary buildings like sheds and barns and the like inside it. It was protected by a stout fence supplemented by a sort of circular fortification, or mound. The interior arrangements were characteristic: there was always a spacious hall where most of the family’s social life was spent, where the lord had his meals with his family and his guests. The light came through narrow holes in the walls covered with oiled linen.
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What was the lord’s house protected by - Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию:
The way people dress nowadays is still governed by rules - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
AMX 10RC is being upgraded now - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Marlin 22 rifles will stay dependable and accurate for the years to come - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The approach lighting system indicated direction and angle of descent of aircraft - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
A worldwide network of facilities gathers information for making weather forecasts - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Helicopters are usually provided with vibration dampers - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The size of a Fenestron can be smaller than that of a conventional rotor - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
The Best Building Materials
1. Building materials are very important in the construction. But it is more important for any designer to select and adapt such building materials of construction that will give the most effective result by the most economical means. In this choice of materials for any work of constructions many factors must be considered by the civil engineer. These factors include availability, cost, physical properties of materials and others.
2. Practically, all buildings materials have their advantages and disadvantages. That's why some materials are used most widely in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units. Among them are lime, gypsum and cement.
3. Last material forms very important elements in all masonry structures, such as stone, a brick. Since the time of its introduction a gradual improvement of Portland cement quality has led to the elaboration of rapid hardening Portland cement, or «high early strength». Later developments include low heat and sulphateresisting cements. The scope for such purpose-made cements has led to the development of an increasing variety such as high alumina cement, blast-furnace slag. They may be also white and coloured cements.
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What building materials are used in binding together masonry units - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Criminal courts
1. Both criminal and civil courts in England and Wales primarily hear evidence and aim to determine what exactly happened in a case. Broadly speaking, the lower courts decide matters of fact and the upper courts normally deal with points of law. About 95% of all criminal eases in England and Wales are tried in the Magistrates’ Courts which deal with petty crimes, that is, less serious ones. In certain circumstances the court may commit an accused person to the Crown Court for more severe punishment, either by way of a fine or imprisonment.
2. Except in cases of homicide, children under 14 and young persons – that is, minors between 14 and 17 years of age – must always be tried summarily, meaning without a jury, by a Youth Court. A Youth Court is a branch of the Magistrates' Court. Indictable offences, that is, more serious ones such as theft, assault, drug dealing, and murder, are reserved for trial in the Crown Court. In almost all criminal cases, the State, in the name of the Crown, prosecutes a person alleged to have committed a crime.
3. In England and Wales, a jury of twelve people decides whether the defendant is guilty of the crime she or he is charged with. The Crown Court may hear cases in circuit areas. From the Crown Court, appeal against conviction or sentence lies to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. If leave to appeal is granted by that court, cases may go on appeal to the House of Lords.
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Where are children under 17 tried - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
Immunization gives limited protection - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Ancient Greek Architecture
1. The ambition of the ancient Greek architects was to discover eternally valid rules of form and proportion; to erect buildings human in scale yet suited to the divinity of their gods; to create, in other words, a classically ideal architecture. Their success may be measured by the fact that their works have been copied on and off for some 2,500 years and have never been superseded. The Greek derived much from other Mediterranean civilizations – the plan of the temple from Crete, the columnar form from Egypt, the capital from Assyria.
2. One of the greatest monuments of ancient Greek architecture is the Athenian Acropolis. The Acropolis, the Greek for upper town, stands on a low rocky hill and contains the ruins of several ancient Greek architectural monuments.
3. The Parthenon, a stately building with an eight – column facade honouring the goddess Athena, was built by Ictinus and Callicrates in 447-438 B.C. Next to the Parthenon is an Ionic temple of Athena, the Erechtheum, built by anonymous architect in 421-406 B.C. In has the unparalleled portrayal of a contemporary event on the frieze of the building. It also had to serve different cults, which meant that its architect had to design a building with three porches and three different floor levels.
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Why does the Erechtheum have three porches and three floor levels - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The design of the A 380 provides room for bars, shops, beauty salons - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The minimal size of small group is three people - Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:
The Maverick can carry out close-combat missions - Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
ATGW-3/LR has a number of disadvantages - Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Agriculture
1. Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture is also observed in certain species of ant and termite, but generally speaking refers to human activities.
2. The history of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. However, all farming generally relies on techniques to expand and maintain the lands suitable for raising domesticated species. For plants, this usually requires some form of irrigation, although there are methods of dryland farming; pastoral herding on rangeland is still the most common means of raising livestock. In the developed world, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture has become the dominant system of modern farming.
3. Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological improvements have sharply increased yields from cultivation, but at the same time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal cruelty and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production.
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How do modern agricultural techniques influence our life